INFORMATİON TECHNOLOGİES - Deneme Sınavı - 4

In order to convert raw data into useful information, the information processing steps that should be present in the information systems are classified as follows:

The correct option is C.

In the “store/retrieve step”, the process of storing the data and retrieving the previously recorded data or information for further Storage devices are used in computers to store the data. There are various types of storage devices. Some examples are random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM) and cache as primary storage, hard disk drive as secondary storage, magnetic tape and optical disk as tertiary storage, USB flash drive and memory card as offline storage. The correct answer is Choice A.

Converting companies into successful e-businesses has become an important objective for today’s businesses. In order to achieve this goal, the requirements of global networking, integrated business processes, agility in responding to the market, intelligent decision-making and support of supply-chain management, customer relationship management and e-commerce features must be met and some of the main benefits of e-business: (1) reducing operating costs of business and its processes and avoiding consumption,(2) increasing market opportunity (Faster access to the market and customer trends), (3) fast access to customer: enabling them to access the information about products or services they need at any time (7/24), (4) elimination of processing errors, (5) strengthening internal management, supply chain management: provide uninterrupted (continuous) supply chain, (6) reduction of sales cycle, (7) increasing visibility, (8) communication improvement, and (9) predicting the fall in the probable life curve of product. The difficulty and high cost of transformation 
and change, and especially high expectation of performance lead to certain challenges in e-business. The main challenges in e-business are: (1) determining customer’s changing needs, (2) organizational structure, (3) the high speed of the development of IT, (4) Integration of the front and back-end sytems of the organization, (5) a lack of quality human resources, (6) the complexity of ensuring security, (6) growing competition, (7) effective and efficient customer service (high availability, ease of use, personalized systems), (8) high quality Access, and (9) expensive infrastructure of information system. The correct answer is Choice D.

A mainframe is a very powerful multi-user computer that can support thousands of users at the same time. A server is similar to a mainframe that serve many uses with the main difference that the users (called clients) usually do their own processing. A minicomputer is a multi-user computer that supports hundreds of users simultaneously. Microcomputer is also called as personal computer (PC). PC is usually used by single person at home, Office and business environments. Nowadays, it is the most common type of computer. PC can be in the form of desktop, laptop or tablet form. A supercomputer is an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions (or more) per second using parallel processing. They are often used for very complex calculations in science and engineering problems. The correct answer is Choice D.

In the first generation (Vacuum Tubes-1940-1956) the vacuum tubes were used as the basic components for memory in the first generation computers. Punch cards, magnetic tape, and paper Regarding the main features of the first generation computers, in general, their sizes were very large (non-portable), their energy consumption and heat release to the environment were too high. Those computers were relatively very slow (solve only one problem at a time) and quite expensive. They used machine code as the programming language and used batch processing operating system. In the second generation (Transistors-1956 - 1963) transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation computers. Those computers were cheaper, consuming less power, smaller in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation computers. In this generation, magnetic cores were used for the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks for secondary storage devices. Low-level programming languages such as assembly language, batch processing and multiprogramming operating system were used as well. The computers belonging to the third generation (Integrated Circuits-1964- 1971) used integrated circuits instead of transistors. These computers were smaller in size, more reliable, faster and more efficient than the previously developed ones. In this generation, remote processing, high- level programming languages, multiprogramming operating system were used. The fourth generation computers (Microprocessors-1971-Present used Very or even thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip to form a microprocessor. These computers became more compact, powerful, portable, reliable, cheaper, and easily available. Real time networks, time-sharing, distributed operating system and high-level languages were used in this generation. The fifth generation computers (Artificial Intelligence-Present and Future), based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though certain applications such as computer vision and pattern recognition are being used today. The use of parallel processing enabled hardware and software allow computers to perform artificial intelligence based tasks. It is evident that quantum computation and nanotechnology would change the computers dramatically in the near future. The correct answer is Choice B.

System software maintains the relationship between hardware and application software. It controls the operations of computer hardware. Utility software, device driver, firmware and operating system are fundamental examples to system software. Utility software provide improved functionality of managing, maintaining and controlling computer resources. Some examples to utility software are antivirus and backup software. Application software is a program developed specifically for end users. Application software can be classified into two categories, general and special purpose software. Some examples to general-purpose software are word-processing programs, database programs, presentation programs, etc. Examples of special purpose application software with a limited number of goals are commercial software and entertainment software such as games. The correct answer is Choice A.

Data needs to be defined, its structure must be described. Data is stored to databases for online transactional purposes, creating, modifying, deleting, retrieving data. Data warehousing keeps historical data for preprocessing, mining, analyzing, reporting data. Data security topics such as accessing to data, privacy of data, erasing data must be managed. Data quality is important for decision-making. Data quality must be managed since data quality affects quality of extracted knowledge. Data architecture is the set of rules, models, methodologies to determine data flow for enterprises’ applications, to manage data in rest for enterprises’ information technology systems and so on. Data architecture must be managed to design, deploy and modify it. Therefore, the correct option is D.

IBM introduced the first online reservation system, SABRE (Semi-automated Business Research Environment) in 1960 after George Stibitz performed the first remote computation by using a teletype to send commands to the Complex Number Computer in New York in 1940. Therefore, the correct option is B.

An entity is a real-world object, whereas an attribute represents a property describing the related entity. An attribute can be any type of composite, derived, simple and multivalued. A simple attribute is the attribute which is not divisible. To illustrate, an id property for a book is simple attribute. A composite attribute symbolizes the collection of simple attributes. Thus, it can be divided into sub-attributes. To illustrate, name attribute is a composite attribute which is composed of simple attributes such as first name, middle name and last name. A multi-valued attribute contains more than one entry for a specific entity. To illustrate, birthdate of an author is single-valued because there is only one birthdate for the corresponding author whereas, phone number is a multi-valued attribute if there are more than one valid phone number for the related author. An attribute is derived attribute if it can be derived from other described attributes. To exemplify, age is a derived attribute for an author because it can be derived from birthdate attribute. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Network Interface Controller (NIC) provides the computers with the ability to access the transmission media. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The number of attendant entities of a relationship represents the degree of the corresponding relationship. If there are two participated entities in a relationship type, that relationship is referred as binary relationship. A ternary relationship has three participants whereas n-ary relationship has n participants. For a binary relationship, cardinality ratio can be one of the following options: one-to-one (1:1), one-to-many (1:N), many-to-one (N:1) and many-to-many (N:M). Two types of participation constraints exist. If every entity in an entity set is participated in the relationship type then the participation for corresponding entity type is total. If there are some entities of an entity type which do not participate in the relationship type, then that entity type is partially participated. Therefore, the correct option is E.

A modem is a device that serves as a bridge between a local network and the Internet. The primary function of a modem is to convert between analog and digital data in real time. Therefore, the correct option is B.

A router connects multiple computer networks by using wired or wireless connections. Routers forward data packets among networks by using the routing information inside these packages. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Users send HTTP requests to web servers by client programs called web browsers. Some of the most common browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Hypertext Markup Language, HTML is the language that describes and defines the content of a web page. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Radio wave is a component of unguided media while the remaining options are components of guided media. Therefore, the correct option is E.

A coaxial cable is a type of cable that contains two parallel conductors. Although coaxial cables have high bandwidth and they can be used over long distances, they are difficult to install and expensive than twisted pair cables. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Packet switching is a technique that combines the powerful features of circuit switching and message switching. The entire message is divided into smaller parts that are called packets. The destination information is included in the header of a packet. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Transport Layer delivers data across network connections. It provides message segmentation, message acknowledgment, session multiplexing, and message traffic control. Therefore, the correct option is D.

KDD is a collection of seven steps:

Therefore, the correct option is A.