INFORMATİON TECHNOLOGİES - Deneme Sınavı - 14

Data are unprocessed collection of raw facts gathered from various sources explicitly or implicitly. Data can be divided into two different types: categorical and numerical. Categorical data can be sorted into the categories of values or observations and grouped as nominal or ordinal. The main difference between these two groups, in the ordinal data, the categories are in certain orders. Unlike numerical data, categorical data cannot be measured. Numerical data is
divided into two types: discrete and continuous. For discrete data, values are countable and can only take particular values. There is a clear separation
between different possible values. Continuous data are not restricted to defined distinct values.

Besides being hierarchical, the figure is pyramidal, in that data are plentiful whereas wisdom is limited and even almost nonexistent. While the understanding increases from data to wisdom, the context decreases. While the three underlying concepts of this hierarchy are related to the past, the fourth
and top concept, which is wisdom, is relevant to the future, and it is essence of philosophical probing.

If data is characterized as recorded facts, then information is the set of patterns, or expectations underlying the data. Knowledge can be described as the accumulation of the set of expectations and wisdom as the value attached to knowledge.

Real numbers are represented by floating point numbers that consist of mantissa (fractional part) and exponent (designates the position of the radix point). The floating point standard is defined by IEEE 754 (International Standard for
Floating-Point Arithmetic). 4-byte version is called as single precision, and 8-byte version is called double precision.

Organize: This step is related to providing the appropriate format of data to be used for further processes. It is the formatting process of the data including copying, sorting, grouping, or arranging it in a more convenient way for input. Verification of the collected data is handled in this stage.

Processing and storage
• Manipulate
• Change
• Storage
• Primary storage: RAM, ROM, Cache
• Secondary storage: Hard disk
• Tertiary storage: Optical disk
• Off-line storage: USB flash drive

The main benefits of e-business:
• Reducing operating costs of business and its
processes and avoiding consumption,
• Increasing market opportunity (Faster access to the market and customer trends),
• Fast access to customers: enabling them to access the information about products or services they need at any time (7/24),
• Elimination of processing errors,
• Strengthening internal management,
• Supply chain management: Provide uninterrupted (continuous) supply chain,
• Reduction of sales cycles,
• Increasing visibility,
• Communication improvements,
• Predicting the fall in the probable life curve of product.

Mainframe: A very powerful multi-user computer that can support thousands of
users at the same time.

An interrupt is a signal to the processor released by hardware or software that
indicates a particular event requiring immediate attention.

The third generation: Integrated Circuits (1964- 1971): The computers belonging to the third generation used integrated circuits instead of transistors.

Computer hardware basically corresponds to the physical parts of the computer that one can physically touch.The components of computer hardware are case, mainboard, central processing unit, system memory, hard disk drive, optical disk drive, power supply, monitor, mouse, printer and keyboard.

WWW stand for World Wide Web

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of smart devices that can communicate and interact with their external environment. A smart car that can calculate the shortest route to a destination is an example of an IoT scheme.

George Stibitz performed the first remote computation by using a teletype to send commands to the Complex Number Computer in New York in 1940.

A network switch is a hardware component that centralizes communications among multiple devices within a local area network. In most of the business networks, switches are used to connect computers, printers, and servers within a building.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP is an application protocol that contains the rules for transferring text, image, sound, video, and other multimedia.

Microwave transmission is quite similar to the radio transmission, except the difference
regarding the wavelengths. Microwaves have smaller wavelengths (ranging from one meter to one millimeter) than radio waves. Microwaves cannot penetrate through obstacles, which forces the sender and the receiver to be in line of sight.

In circuit switching, the path between a pair of communicating parties is created only when needed, and discontinued after use.

Ranging from small to large, computer networks can be classified into
four primary groups:
I. Personal Area Network
II. Local Area Network
III. Metropolitan Area Network
IV. Wide Area Network

In a mesh topology, each device has a pointto- point connection with a single or multiple devices. Either routing or flooding operations can transmit the messages. Since there exist redundant links in the network, the cabling cost is high in this topology.

Eavesdropping is a kind of passive attack that listens to a network in order to capture sensitive information like session tokens, usernames, passwords, and confidential information. In order to prevent eavesdropping attacks, strong encryption services should be used in data transmission.