INFORMATİON TECHNOLOGİES - Deneme Sınavı - 13

Software is a set of instructions that enables the user to interact with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks. Software is designed to enable a computer to perform a well-defined function.

Application softwares are easy to understand though they are bigger in size.

A database (DB) is defined as a collection of related data.

Data models can be grouped as conceptual or high-level data model, low-level or physical data models and implementation or representational data models.

Conceptual design provides conceptual schema of DB. It allows representing entities and relationships between them in high-level view models. Entity-Relationship model is one of the popular data model used for conceptual design. It represents data as entities, attributes and relationships.

A database schema is the description of a database including structure and constraints that the database should obey.

Physical design specifies database in terms of physical configurations of chosen DBMS, such as indexes, physical file storages.

Data cleaning includes processes of filling missing values, correcting inconsistencies, identifying outliers and getting rid of them. Missing values can be filled with attribute mean, attribute mean of all tuples belonging to the same class of the given tuple containing missing values, overall system mean, and a prediction produced by a learning algorithm.

Data integration merges data from different sources such as databases, data flats etc. into a compatible data store.

Classification is the process of understanding data classes or concepts. Class labels of data are given for purpose of classification.

Association is referred as patterns frequently purchased together. Mining association is the process of discovering relations among data.

Metadata is generally referred as data about other data or catalog for a data. It describes, identifies, explains, manages, and uses a data resource.

Processes are the programs executed concurrently. Life cycle of a process consists of the following states: new, running, waiting, ready, and terminated. States of a process and their descriptions are given in Table 2.2.

Booting is the process of starting or restarting a computer.

Documents created by the word processors look great and they are easy to edit and share. But sometimes you need to redistribute them in a format that locks the layout or does not require a word processing software for opening them. Portable Document Format (PDF) is the most widely used file format to fulfil this requirement. Word processor tools allow you to save your document as a PDF. This is usually done using the export menu.

A spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel, is used for reviewing and editing spreadsheets. Spreadsheets can be thought of tables filled with data in the form of numbers, dates, strings etc. Spreadsheet programs are powerful tools for getting meaning out of raw data. It helps to discover trends and patterns using data bars, sparklines, color coding, and icons. Even helps summarize and illustrate insights by charts and graphs.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a protocol that facilitates synchronous communication in the form of text. It allows several users to chat with each other simultaneously.

All others are social media networks and instant messengers only chrome is a browser.

Each Web page is distinguished and accessed by its Uniform Resource Locator (URL), which is a human-memorable address used to locate resources on the Internet.

A gentle introduction to office tools is made in this section. Details of the aforementioned tools are out of the scope of this chapter. However, further details of Microsoft products (Word, Excel, PowerPoint and so on can be found on office training center.