E-İŞLETME

In government-to-government, in short, in G2G, governments can communicate nationally or internationally and exchange classified information through dedicated portals. National DNA database could be a typical example of G2G business model (Anumba and Ruikar, 2008).

One of the key characteristics of e-commerce is the ease of entry for firms. The cost of entry and exit is low relative to traditional industries, as firms do not require large sales teams, costly investment in infrastructure or high sunk costs in order to compete effectively. Rising connectivity rates among potential customers ensures increasing competition among e-commerce firms as more are attracted to the source of potential revenue. Importantly, the internet does away with geographical boundaries thereby increasing yet further the extent of competitive rivalry. Intense competition is a characteristic of the internet economy and has spread across all e-business and e-commerce sectors.

If an access to sensitive company information is required by an e-business application, access should be limited to qualified individuals or partners. If there is a restriction to employees in an organization for accessing the information needed, this is called intranet. Intranet refers to a private network used in an organization for sharing information by excluding the access of outsiders.

E-commerce perspectives are as follows: 1. A communications perspective – the delivery of information, products or services or payment by electronic means. 2. A business process perspective – the application of technology towards the automation of business transactions and workflows. 3. A service perspective – enabling cost cutting at the same time as increasing the speed and quality of service delivery. 4. An online perspective – the buying and selling of products and information online (Chaffey, 2007; Chaffey, Hemphill & Edmundson-Bird, 2019). These perspectives shed a light on the definition of e-commerce. Based upon these definitions, it can be said that electronic commerce is not restricted to the buying and selling activities. It also includes pre-sale and post-sale activities along the supply chain (Chaffey, Hemphill & Edmundson-Bird, 2019).

Consumer-to-government model enables consumers to post their concerns, to request feedback, or information directly from their local governments. The applications of C2G include e-democracy, e-voting, information about public services and e-health

Business-to-consumer (B2C) model is the most high profile type of e-business (Combe, 2012). The commercial transactions occur between an organization and the consumers (Chaffey, 2007). B2C model is similar to the traditional retailing process, but the main difference here is using the internet for carrying out the business. In such a method, it is assumed that the consumer has access to the Internet (Anumba and Ruikar, 2008). Some successful examples of B2C model include Amazon.com and e-Bay (Anumba and Ruikar, 2008; Combe, 2012).

Adaptation of processes is not a benefit of e-businesses. Harmonization and standardization of processes is a benefit of e-businesses.

Consumer-to-business (C2B) models are models in which consumers offer products or services to organizations at a cost. It can be said this model is the reverse of traditional business models in which organizations offer goods and services to consumers. Online surveys such as Surveys.com, and SurveyMonkey, are typical examples of C2B models. In these models individuals offer the service to reply to a company’s survey and in return the company pays the individual for their service.

Internet, digital technology, or information and communications technologies (ICT) create a term “new economy” (Combe, 2012). It is also called as ‘the internet economy’, ‘the information economy’, and ‘the digital economy’ in other references. The new economy is based not only on capital and human resources, but also on information. The answer is C.

Internet: Physical network that holds and transports information among computers across the globe.
Intranet: A private network used in an organization for sharing information by excluding the access of outsiders.
Extranet: Extending intranet network beyond the organization to suppliers, customers, and collaborators.

The answer is A.

E-Business: Discuss the contribution of the Internet to organizations. Conducting business by applying digital technology and media to improve the competitiveness of the organization.

E-commerce: All types of electronic transactions between organization and its stakeholders. The answer is B.

Business-to-consumer (B2C): Commercial transactions between an organization and consumers.

Business-to-business (B2B): Commercial transactions between an organization and other organizations.

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): Informational or financial transactions between consumers, but usually mediated through a business site.

Consumer-to-business (C2B): Consumers approach the business with an offer.

Government-to-Government (G2G): Governments can communicate nationally or internationally and exchange classified information through dedicated portals. 

Government-to-business model is a model in which business-specific information such as policies and regulations are directly provided to the organizations by the government electronically.

The answer is B.

Internet: Physical network that holds and transports information among the computers across the globe. The answer is B.

E-commerce could be defined as all electronically mediated information exchanges between an organization and its shareholders whether they are financial or non-financial

E-commerce perspectives are as follows:
1. A communications perspective – the delivery of information, products or services or payment by electronic means.
2. A business process perspective – the application of technology towards the automation of business transactions and workflows.

3. A service perspective – enabling cost-cutting at the same time as increasing the speed and quality of service delivery.
4. An online perspective – the buying and selling of products and information online

The answer is E.

E-business is creating a rough competitive environment for industries. The biggest challenges of e-business are internal such as existing organizational structure and business processes. Organizations are also faced with challenges in determining their customers’ changing needs. In order to remain competitive, many of the organizations try to define their customers’ changing needs effectively. Besides, supplying a mobile environment, supporting applications themselves and the telecommunications infrastructure are much more expensive than the traditional desktop environment. In addition, although e-business is an economic and technological phenomenon, it also causes social change. Companies should adopt e-business strategies that are aligned with the strategies of the entire value chain. Ensuring security for e-business is also a big challenge before any commercial activities involving sensitive information can take place. Also the legal framework for e-business could be a big problem for many organizations, especially the smaller ones. The legal framework for trading over the Internet can be unclear and difficult to interpret (Gasos & Thoben, 2002). 

The answer is D.

I. Electronic connectivity improves efficiencies across the full value chain and has the power to transform the traditional business models entirely. (TRUE)

II.  E-business technologies help increase the cost of communication and collaboration in a supply chain. (FALSE, E-business technologies help lowerthe cost of communication and collaboration in a supply chain.)

III. E-business enables organizations to access internal information at a higher level of quantity and quality. (TRUE)

The answer is E.

The benefits of E-Business are as follows: Improved operational efficiency and productivity, reduction in operating costs and costs of goods and services, Improved competitive position, Penetration into new markets through new channels, Improved communications, information, and knowledge sharing, Harmonization and standardization of processes, Improved internal information access, Improved relationships with suppliers and improved customer service

The answer is E.