DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

In 306 CE, Constantine became emperor of the entire Roman empire, east and west, and decided to move the capital city from Rome to an old fortress city on the Bosphorus, then called Byzantium. He wanted it to be called New Rome but the city gradually adopted the name of Constantinople in his honor. Politics dictated that
soon the east and west would separate again, and the western portion of the Roman Empire fell to the Germanic tribes in 476 CE.

Religion may be the most enduring and fascinating aspect of the Byzantine Civilization.
Emperor Constantine had adopted Christianity as his faith and he died the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire. After Constantine became a Christian, and saw it become accepted as a religion, and after it subsequently became the only tolerated religion, the empire slightly modified its old pagan tradition of worshipping the god-emperor. The emperor was no longer a deity; however, it was believed that he was ordained of God to rule, and his power was divine.

Although Latin was the official language of early Constantinople, as it was of the entire
Roman Empire, that language was replaced by Greek after the sixth century CE. Greek, which had long been the vernacular in Constantinople anyway, became the language of government in Byzantium. As a result, as time went by Byzantine scholars and religious figures did not have to, nor did they tend to, learn to read Latin.

This can be observed clearly through one event. A very important early move taken by
Constantine himself was to summon the Council of Nicaea (Iznik), a meeting to which bishops and other leaders from all the major churches of the Christian faith and as far away as Britain were invited in 325 CE to resolve a theological dispute. The emperor organized the meeting along the lines of the Roman Senate and he presided, although he did not cast a vote.

In the Byzantine structure of government and religion, the church was a department of the state and, thus, for all practical purposes the emperor was the head. In fact, one of the emperor’s titles was “Equal to the Apostles.” Thus, the emperor at Constantinople played two roles simultaneously: the role of the emperor and the role of pope. This
became known as “caesaropapism”.

One result of the theological controversies that arose from the spirit behind Arianism was the development within Byzantine civilization of a religious orientation known as the “Monophysites.” The Monophysites have been those who believe that Christ was both human and divine. To this day, the Egyptian, Syrian, Ethiopian, and Armenian Christians continue their religious practices as Monophysites. A second theological controversy helped to bring about the schism between the East and West, weakening the existence of the empire as a single unit. This fight broke out over the issue of iconoclasm. It was the most divisive ecclesiastical policy.

Ritual and monasticism, however, were also aspects of Christian religious life in the Byzantine civilization. One especially significant figure was St. Augustine, who lived from 354 to 430 CE. He was a theologian from North Africa (modern day Tunisia) whose teachings contributed mightily to the development of Christianity early on.

The overhaul and reforms, beginning with Italy and Africa, were meant to create a powerful system of military administration. The two areas, Italy and Africa, were placed under the control of a commander who was also the civil governor. Such
figures were called (borrowing from the ancient Greek) exarchs, and the provinces under them were called exarchates.

An example of an outstanding great historian of the Byzantine civilization was Procopius, cited by author Will Durant as “the one great historian of the period.” In 550 CE, he published his Books of the Wars and Anecdota, or Secret History. While a Christian, he at times in his books veered into Stoicism and skepticism.

In the eighth century CE, Leo III, 717-741 CE, and Constantine V, 741-775 CE, modified the Justinian Code and made it more Christian in character; they reduced harsh penalties like the death penalty, which had been characteristic of Roman law. They instituted less severe punishment, allowing such acts as mutilations. Marriage and family law they based on Christian values and they also officially endorsed popular
custom that prevailed among Greeks and others in the Eastern Roman Empire.

The Sasanid empire and the barbarians is the correct answer.

iii-iv are correct-that is 

iii.It was invaded by Germans
iv. The last emperor was Augustulus.

i.They were Pagans
ii. They were under the influence of Greek culture

a. The emperor playing the role of the pope and the emperor at the same time is known as caesaropapism.

a. They were large estates owned by rich people.

ii. It combined civil and military administration.
iii. Independent farmers became soldiers.

a. They were both commanders and the civil governers.

a. Greek

a. They got the idea from China.

i. Western portion of the Empire collapsed and eastern Roman Empire became powerful.
ii. Byzantines become stronger by fighting off invaders
iii. The Byzantine empire achieved its military and economic supremacy.
iv. The Byzantine empire started to lose power.