DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

Byzantine society consisted of both wealthy landowners and small farmers, the latter of whom were often drafted into military service in exchange for land from the government.

The Roman Republic transformed into the mighty Roman Empire with the dictatorship of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE and the ascension to power of Augustus Caesar in 31 CE.

The influence of ancient Greece and its culture was immense, and thus many residents of Constantinople continued to worship the old Greek gods. Emperor Justinian put a stop to this in 528 CE, when he forced all pagans to undergo Christian baptism.

Emperor Leo III was convinced that idol worship was sinful. In 726 CE, he implemented a policy which sought to abolish image worship.

Arcadius ruled the Eastern Empire from 395 to 408 CE and his brother Honorius served as Western Roman Emperor from 393 to 423.

Much of the population was educated. In the early years of the empire the greatest university was at Athens. The university was moved from Athens to Constantinople by Emperor Justinian in the sixth century because of his concern over the strong pagan traditions of Athens.

The immense work of codification resulted in the Codex Justinianus, later known as the Code of Justinian or, after a printed edition of 1583, appeared as the Corpus Juris Civilis. This became the basis for civil law throughout Western Europe. It was written and distributed in Latin.

Justinian’s church Santa Sophia was not the first to be erected on the site. The original building was set in place by the Emperor Constantius in 360 CE. The church burned in 404 CE and was rebuilt by the Emperor Theodosius II in 415 CE.

The city of Byzantium was named after its half mythical founder, Byzas.

The Normans drove out the Byzantines from southern Italy; the Hungarians conducted raids throughout the Balkan region; and the Turks defeated the imperial armies in 1071 and captured the Emperor Romanus IV.

Only when the capital city was attacked and defeated by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE did the Commonwealth of Byzantium fall. Doğru cevap A'dır.

The emperor at Constantinople played two roles simultaneously: the role of the emperor and the role of pope. This became known as “caesaropapism”. Doğru cevap C’dir.

To this day, the Egyptian, Syrian, Ethiopian, and Armenian Christians continue their religious practices as Monophysites, not the African Americans. Doğru cevap E’dir.

Books were widely circulated and read among the Byzantines. Much of the population was educated. In the early years of the empire the greatest university was at Athens. The university was moved from Athens to Constantinople by Emperor Justinian in the sixth century because of his concern over the strong pagan traditions of Athens. Further, the men who filled the ranks of the empire’s bureaucracy, of the Byzantine church and of the court system, generally were learned graduates, men who had studied at the university. The cultural emphasis, as seen in the literature, was on philosophy, astronomy, geometry, rhetoric, music, literature, grammar, law, medicine, and arithmetic. Doğru cevap D’dir.

In the Byzantine era, the term was used to refer to one of four chariot-racing factions, the Reds, the Blues, the Greens, and the Whites. Doğru cevap C’dir.

In Constantinople, the Church called Santa Sophia, which is known today by the appellation Hagia Sophia – or Divine Wisdom – was dedicated by the Emperor Justinian in 537 CE. Doğru cevap B’dir.

The city was either a terminus or a port of call to which ships came from around the globe. From the Black Sea came furs and hides, grain, salt and wine. From India, Ceylon, Syria and Arabia came spices, precious stones, and silk. From Africa, and from Scandinavia and Russia, came slavery and ivory, and from the West, especially Italy, came merchants to buy these products. Doğru cevap E’dir.

The Byzantine Empire, an extension of the old Roman Empire, lasted for eleven centuries. Doğru cevap A’dır.

In 306 CE Constantine succeeded Diocletian as the emperor of the old Roman Empire. In so doing he re-united the Western and the Eastern Roman empire and became the sole emperor of both. Doğru cevap C’dir.

In 610 Heraclius became emperor and temporarily possessed Mesopotamia. Doğru cevap C’dir.