DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

1. a) One must begin more solid history with the Chalcolithic period (5500 to 3000 BCE). That was a time when people moved from caves to villages and first mined copper. Hacılar is one of the most important centers for the period.

2. c) The second stage was the Bronze Age (3000 – 2000 BCE); it was during this era that the term “state” may begin to be applied. Further, there developed social classes, complicated economic activities and organized religion. The cities of Troy and Alacahöyük offer us good examples from the Bronze Age.

3. b) It is in the age of the Assyrian Colonies (1950 – 1750 BCE) that we can discern the early, almost historical period of Anatolia. Kanesh (Kültepe) reveals one of the best examples for this era.

The correct answer is A.

It starts with the time of Old Kingdom, we see
the founding of Hattusa, the capital city of the Hittites. The Great Hittite Kingdom started with the reign of Shuppiluliuma I. The Hittites became one of the most powerful civilizations. After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, some city states appeared in southeastern Anatolia. This period is called the Late Hittite City States period and it lasted from 1200 to 650 BCE. The correct answer is D.

A new balance of power brought major wars, one of which
occurred between the Hittites and the Egyptians. This war resulted in the Treaty of Kadesh, first international treaty ever signed between major powers. The correct answer is C.

c) The Hittite Civilization centered on the first powerful, organized state to be established in Anatolia (1650 – 1200 BCE).

b) The Late Hittite City States period and it lasted from 1200 to 650 BCE.

d) The Urartian Civilization flourished from 860 to 590 BCE and played an important role in Eastern Anatolia.

e) Phrygian tribes moved into Anatolia around 1200 BCE. 

a) Finally, the Lydian civilization flourished in the western part of Anatolia after the collapse of the Phrygian civilization in the seventh century BCE.

The correct answer is C.

The most important accomplishment of King Alyattes was the introduction of the first coinage system (called the electrum). The correct answer is C.

The oldest habitation in Anatolia dates to this age; it is Yarımburgaz Cave
near Küçükçekmece Lake (İstanbul).

The correct answer is A.

This was a period of organized trade that is called the Age of Assyrian Trade Colonies. Trading, which had previously taken place in an unsystematic manner, was made systematic through the formation of independent trading colonies, established in Anatolia, known as karum, trading posts that flourished from
the 20th to the 18the centuries BCE.

An Assyrian governor administered about 10 karums or trading posts in Anatolia, residing in Kanesh which was the leading karum and located near the modern Kayseri.

The correct answer is D.

After the fall of the Hittites, a period began when the region was taken by the Assyrians; this was in the 8th Century BCE, a time now named the Late Hittite City States Period. The correct answer is B.

The Hittite Civilization centred on the first powerful, organized state to be established in Anatolia (1650 – 1200 BCE).

Yarımburgaz Cave is the oldest inhabited place in Anatolia

In the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age), during which fundamental changes occurred in the life and subsistence of mankind, evidence shows that village life started while multiplication of beneficent plant and animal breeds introduced agriculture and animal husbandry.

An Assyrian governor administered about 10 karums or trading posts in Anatolia, residing in Kanesh which was the leading karum and which is located near the modern Kayseri. This town was also the center of the Nesha principality, Hattusa (Boğazköy) and Purushanda.

From a bilingual text obtained in Boghazköy and originally written in the Akkadian language, we find that the first ruler of the Old Kingdom Dynasty was Hattushili I, who ruled from 1660 to l630 BCE and who transformed a relatively small princely state into an actual kingdom. He made the city of Hattusa the capital of that kingdom.

He declared a law (known to history as the Edict of Telipinu) which concluded that the first male child born from the first wife of the king would be designated to ascend to the throne, primogeniture; if such a child was not available, then the next male child would become the king.

Puduhepa placed her seal on many official documents either on her own account or together with the king. Having followed a smart policy, Hattushili III signed a peace agreement with the Egyptians in 1270 BCE, the name of which is the Treaty of Kadesh, and he ensured a continuity of the peace between the two large states.

It was in 840 BCE that Sarduri I gathered these tribes under his leadership and established the Urartu state, making Tushpa (Van) the capital.

The Assyrian kings struggled with these tribes and their confederation until
the middle of the ninth century BCE, failing to hold this region under their subjugation due to its mountainous nature.

The Urartians defeated the Assyrians during a war fought in 753 BCE, thus opening the Mediterranean trade route for their land.

The Urartians defeated the army of their old enemies, the Assyrians, in 705 BCE,
killing the Assyrian King Sargon. 

Therefore, the civilization they fought most is Assyrians. The correct answer is B.

It is known that after the king Gordios died, his son Midas ascended to the Phrygian throne. Midas is cited in many historical and archaeological sources and is better known for his legendary character.

The Lydian King Alyattes started to forge coins during this peace period. The first coins were made from electrum, an alloy of 55 % gold, 45 % silver and a small amount of bronze. Since the Stream of Gediz and the Stream of Pactolus running through Sardis were rich in gold content, the Lydians collected this gold and became a rich nation. These coins began to be used for trading and became widespread, bringing in trade via coins instead of animals.

Phrygians were also famous for their textiles and especially for their rugs, the ancestors of today’s Turkish rugs. That Central Anatolian sheep had high-quality wool must have had an impact on the development of weaving.

The correct answer is A.