DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

The oldest habitation in Anatolia dates to the Paleolithic Period; it is Yarımburgaz Cave. Karain Cave is a significant prehistoric
place in Anatolia. By the way as we know Çatalhöyük is the most well-known of the Early Neolithic Age settlements.

The Anatolians made weapons, pots and decorative items from bronze, while treating gold, copper and silver; at the same time, non-religious and religious objects were fashioned. The village - type settlements first transformed into towns and then into cities.  They already had village type settlements. The most important location of Stage I of the First Bronze Age in Anatolia is Troia.

Hattushili made the city of Hattusa the capital of that kingdom. After Hattushili I, a new king arose: Murshili I (1630 - 1600 BCE). He ruled the state in peace and tranquility, expanding its borders as far as the seas. He made a successful military expedition to Halep and Babylon. But the king was murdered. Then his successor Hantili I came to the throne. Around this time, attacks by the Hurrians resulted in chaos within the country.

Telipinu's first major challenge was to bring an end to dynastic succession conflicts. Therefore, he declared a law which concluded that the first male child born from the first wife of the king would designated to ascend to the throne, primogeniture; if such a child was not available, then the next male child would become the king. If a king had no male child at all, then his eldest daughter’s son would become the subsequent king.

The great empire ruled by Shuppiluliuma I reached a power equaling that of Babylon and Egypt. For example, He established subsidiary states as far away as along the borders of Syria and Palestine, thus reasserting the power of the Hittite
state. He ensured the loyalty of bordering states such as Ugarit in Syria and the kingdoms of Kizzuvatna and Amurru in the south, through competent diplomacy.

The most advanced branch in Hittite art is architecture. The Hittite form of architecture, which is used in lower sections in Anatolia and which involves gigantic stones, continued during the New Hittite Kingdom Period. It was in 1286 BCE during the reign in Egypt of Ramses II, that war with Egypt finally broke out. Fighting took place on the plane to the south of the city of Kadesh and The Treaty of Kadesh is assumed to be the first international agreement in the history.  Internal threats, attacks by the Kashgans from the north and the Aegean Migrations of the Sea Peoples to the Levant were the main reasons for the collapse of the Hittite civilization.  Arnuvanda III did not have a child, so his brother Shuppiluliuma II become the king between the years of 1200 - 1190 BCE ans the collapse is not because of the lack of successor.

Homer talks about the Phrygians while enumerating the subsidiary forces assisting in the Trojan War. Given that the Trojan War took place around 1200 BCE, it is apparent that the Phrygians lived in Anatolia around this date. They made Gordion their capital and their first king was Gordios. Morover Midas is the first eastern king who had relations with the Greeks.

The name of Hittite Council of Nobles is Pankush. The name of the world-famous Phrygian rug is Tapestes. The development of Phrygian art is divided into three stages:
Early, Transition, and Mature. The Phrygian language was developed from the Phoenician alphabet, and it later played an influential role in the Greek alphabet.

Spring pins and safety pins were technological inventions of the Phrygians. Because of Persians, the Lydians collapsed. The most important contribution of the Lydians was the coin system. Croesus was a very rich king. His wealth helped a lot.

In 1286 BCE, during the reign of Ramses II in Egypt  that war finally broke out between Egyptians and the Hittites. The battle took place on the plane to the south of the city of Kadesh.

It is in the age of the Assyrian Colonies (1950 – 1750 BCE) that we can discern the early, almost historical period of Anatolia.

A seçeneği Assyrian colonies

B seçeneği the Urartian Civilization 

C seçeneği the Urartian Civilization

D seçeneği the Phrygians

The oldest habitation in Anatolia dates to this age (Paleolithic Period); it is Yarımburgaz Cave near Küçükçekmece Lake (İstanbul).

In the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) (10,000 – 5,500 BCE), during which fundamental changes occurred in the life and subsistence of mankind, evidence shows that village life started while multiplication of beneficent plant and animal breeds introduced agriculture and animal husbandry.

This was a period of organized trade that is called the Age of Assyrian Trade Colonies. Trading, which had previously taken place in an unsystematic manner, was made systematic through the formation of independent trading colonies, established in Anatolia, known as karum, trading posts that flourished from the 20th to the 18the centuries BCE.

B Urartians

C Phrygians

D Lydians

E Urartians

A (Animal- shaped embossed vases)

E male deity who represented the sky

Except for the option D, Traditional style, Late Hittite style, Assyrian style and  Arami and Phoenician style are Hittitie period art

Cauldrons, belt buckles, shields, offering plates for vows, and harnesses uncovered during expeditions all testify to the mastery of the Urartians in metal workmanship. Castles, temples, palaces, dams and irrigation channels, as well as open air temples carved in stone, are all evidence of the monumental architecture achievements of the Urartians.

The Lydian King Alyattes started to forge coins during this peace period. The first coins were made from electrum, an alloy of 55 % gold, 45 % silver and a small amount of bronze. Since the Stream of Gediz and the Stream of Pactolus running through Sardis were rich in gold content, the Lydians collected this gold and became a rich nation. These coins began to be used for trading and became widespread, bringing in trade via coins instead of animals. The coins of Lydia had various animal pictures on their front sides. There is a lion figure on the coins stamped in Sardis.