DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

Because of all these developments, Mesopotamia, the Land Between the Rivers, may be called the Cradle of Civilization.

The Sumerians (5000-2300 BCE) were the first humans known to form a civilization. They invented city, government, and writing -- the frame of civilization.

The Akkadians (2334 – 2193 BCE) came next. They shaped the first united empire and thus the city-states of Sumer were united under one ruler. The Akkadian language replaced the Sumerian language during this time and later became the language of Mesopotamia.

The Babylonians (2004-1595 BCE and 625-539 BCE) established the city of Babylon, which became the most influential city in Mesopotamia. At times the Babylonians would form vast empires that ruled much of the Middle East. The Babylonians were the first to record their system of law

The Assyrians (870-612 BCE) came from the northern part of Mesopotamia. They were a warrior society. They also reigned much of the Middle East at different periods over the history of Mesopotamia.

The Persians (539-323 BCE) laid an end to the rule of the Assyrians and the Babylonians. They conquered much of the Middle East including Mesopotamia

The Mesopotamian Civilization brought forth some of the most important developments in human history. The innovations of these industrious people included (quizlet.com): • the invention of the wheel, • the planting of the first cereal crops, • the development of cursive script, • mathematics, • astronomy, and • agriculture.

Sumerian society was based on a complex arrangement of freedom and dependence. It was divided in four categories: • Nobles, • Free clients of the nobility, • Commoners, and • Slaves.

When the king of one city conquered others, he would want to make sure that all the people in all the cities knew what to do, how to act appropriately. He wanted them to follow the rules and live peacefully together. The first important set of rules or code of laws was fashioned by Hammurabi, the King of Babylon around 2000 BCE. They were 282 laws in Hammurabi’s code and they covered everything that seemed likely to be important. There were laws on witchcraft, robbery, buying and selling, hiring, debt, inheritance, divorce, adoption, rates of wages, and compensation for loss or injury

There are five key characteristics that set its city, Sumer, apart from earlier human habitations, according to the World History Library (library 07.com):
• Advanced cities (commencing at 4000 BCE),
• Specialized workers,
• Complex institutions,
• Record keeping in writing, and
• Improved technology (the wheel).

Use of fire is not among these characteristics.

Sometime about 8,000 BCE, in what is now northern Iraq, people developed the knowledge of how to cultivate grains, which we know today as wheat and barley.

In about 5000 BCE, a group of people called the Sumerians engaged in the search for a good climate and productive soil; they began to settle in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, where Iraq is located today.

About 4000 BCE, the Sumerians founded the cities of Ur and Lagash, at the mouth of the Euphrates river.

The Mesopotamian Civilization brought forth some of the most important developments in human history. The innovations of these industrious people included (quizlet.com):
• the invention of the wheel,
• the planting of the first cereal crops,
• the development of cursive script,
• mathematics,
• astronomy, and
• agriculture.

Trigonometry is NOT one of these innovations.Trigonometry  was introduced by the Greeks. Hipparchus (c. 190–120 BCE) was the first to construct a table of values for a trigonometric function.