DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ

The invention of fire was much earlier than the occurence of the Mesopotamian Civilization. The Mesopotamian Civilization brought forth some of the most important developments in human history. The innovations of these industrious people included:
• the invention of the wheel,
• the planting of the first cereal crops,
• the development of cursive script,
• mathematics,
• astronomy, and
• agriculture

The Tigris -Euphrates rivers have their point of origin within 80 km of each other in eastern Turkey and they mainly determine the boundaries of the civilization

There are five key characteristics that set its city, Sumer, apart from earlier human habitations, according to the World History Library (library 07.com):
• Advanced cities (commencing at 4000
BCE),
• Specialized workers,
• Complex institutions,
• Record keeping in writing, and
• Improved technology (the wheel)

The people of Mesopotamia believed that the universe was controlled by gods and goddesses who had to be obeyed and worshipped with prayers and offerings. There were many myths and legends about these gods and goddesses. For the Sumerians and their neighbors, the main purpose conveyed by religion was that human beings were meant to serve the gods and follow their divine orders.

The Mesopotamian Civilization was the first complex civilization. There followed on the same ground the following people who dominated this civilization’s development, activities, and fall and built subsequent ones: The Sumerians, The Akkadians, The Persians, The Assyrians, The Babylonians

A ziggurat is a temple of ancient Mesopotamia (they were built since 2000 BCE) that takes the form of a stepped pyramid or tower

Sumerian society was based on a complex arrangement of freedom and dependence. It was divided in four categories:
• Nobles,
• Free clients of the nobility,
• Commoners, and
• Slaves

Among their stupendous achievements is the fact that the ancient Sumerians developed the first form of writing; that clearly constitutes the greatest contribution of Mesopotamian Civilization

Their Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of maxims and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine:
• the patient’s disease,
• its etiology,
• its future development, and
• the chances of the patient’s recovery

539 BCE: Mesopotamia becomes a part of the Persian Empire

The other options are also valid but the most remarkable one is: their foundation marks the official beginning of civilization.

Except for the option B which is related to Hittites, an Anatolian Civilization, the rest are related to Mesopotamian Civilization

The Babylonians (2004-1595 BCE and 625-539 BCE) established the city of Babylon, which became the most influential city in Mesopotamia. At times the Babylonians would form vast empires that ruled much of the Middle East. The Babylonians were the first to record their system of law.

Enlil (god of air)

Enki (god of water)

Ki (god of earth)

Polytheistic pantheon

Except for the option in E, the rest are categories of a complex arrangement of freedom and dependence which the Sumerian society based on

it was the beginning of mankind’s attempt to codify law

Among their stupendous achievements is the fact that the ancient Sumerians developed the first form of writing; that clearly constitutes the greatest contribution of Mesopotamian Civilization.

Sumerians began to use picture symbols marked into clay tablets to keep their records (writing)

Boxing and wrestling feature frequently in art (games)

Mesopotamian society was ruled by a ‘council of elders’ (family life)

Most people were buried in family graves under their houses (Burials)

Except for the option  in B, the rest are related to Diagnostic Handbook. Medicine was advanced by the Babyloni­ans, who introduced the concepts of diag­nosis, prognosis, physical examination, and prescriptions. “In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introdu­ced the methods of therapy and etiology and the use of empiricism, logic, and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The text contains a list of me­dical symptoms and often detailed empirical obser­vations, along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis” (Lindh, 2017).

Except for the option in A, the rest are related to the irrigation systems in Mesopotamia.  The irrigation systems in Mesopotamia, unlike those of more modern vintage, had several major innovative components: canals, gated ditches, levees, and gates.