DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 3

The city Constantinople was a port where ships came from around the globe. From the Black Sea came furs and hides, grain, salt and wine. From India, Ceylon, Syria and Arabia came spices, precious stones, and silk. From Africa, and from Scandinavia and Russia, came slavery and ivory. The emperors maintained a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of silk textiles, gold embroidery and purple dye until the eleventh century. The correct answer is B.

Doğru seçenek B

Byzantine Empire, a civilization and polity, which lasted eleven hundred years

Doğru seçenek D

Doğru seçenek A

The emperor, although absolute in his powers, could not impose new religious dogma without church support, however.

Doğru seçenek C

Doğru seçenek E

Arianism emphasized the uniqueness of God the Father and maintained that Jesus had been a man like all other men, not a part of God himself

Monasticism is a Christian way of life.

Latifundia   These were huge estates owned by wealthy cultivators

Iconoclasm An icon is a painting or other representation of Jesus Christ or another holy figure

Doğru seçenek C

provinces under exarchs were called exarchates

These armies and fleets were scattered over Italy and each one was placed under a general who was called the duce

farmers were called upon to provide military service as soldiers in a theme

Latifundia were huge estates owned by wealthy cultivators

Doğru seçenek A. A seçeneği  dışındaki diğer çeldiriciler ortak özelliklerdir.

Doğru seçenek C

Doğru seçenek B

Doğru seçenek A

1071      The empire was defeated at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk Turks

1096      The Crusaders arrived at Constantinople.

1204      The Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople

1453      Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks

In 306 CE, Constantine became emperor of the entire Roman empire, east and west, and decided to move the capital city from Rome to an old fortress city on the Bosphorus, then called Byzantium. He wanted it to be called New Rome but the city gradually adopted the name of Constantinople in his honor. Politics dictated that
soon the east and west would separate again, and the western portion of the Roman Empire fell to the Germanic tribes in 476 CE.

Religion may be the most enduring and fascinating aspect of the Byzantine Civilization.
Emperor Constantine had adopted Christianity as his faith and he died the first Christian emperor of the Roman Empire. After Constantine became a Christian, and saw it become accepted as a religion, and after it subsequently became the only tolerated religion, the empire slightly modified its old pagan tradition of worshipping the god-emperor. The emperor was no longer a deity; however, it was believed that he was ordained of God to rule, and his power was divine.

Although Latin was the official language of early Constantinople, as it was of the entire
Roman Empire, that language was replaced by Greek after the sixth century CE. Greek, which had long been the vernacular in Constantinople anyway, became the language of government in Byzantium. As a result, as time went by Byzantine scholars and religious figures did not have to, nor did they tend to, learn to read Latin.

This can be observed clearly through one event. A very important early move taken by
Constantine himself was to summon the Council of Nicaea (Iznik), a meeting to which bishops and other leaders from all the major churches of the Christian faith and as far away as Britain were invited in 325 CE to resolve a theological dispute. The emperor organized the meeting along the lines of the Roman Senate and he presided, although he did not cast a vote.

In the Byzantine structure of government and religion, the church was a department of the state and, thus, for all practical purposes the emperor was the head. In fact, one of the emperor’s titles was “Equal to the Apostles.” Thus, the emperor at Constantinople played two roles simultaneously: the role of the emperor and the role of pope. This
became known as “caesaropapism”.

One result of the theological controversies that arose from the spirit behind Arianism was the development within Byzantine civilization of a religious orientation known as the “Monophysites.” The Monophysites have been those who believe that Christ was both human and divine. To this day, the Egyptian, Syrian, Ethiopian, and Armenian Christians continue their religious practices as Monophysites. A second theological controversy helped to bring about the schism between the East and West, weakening the existence of the empire as a single unit. This fight broke out over the issue of iconoclasm. It was the most divisive ecclesiastical policy.

Ritual and monasticism, however, were also aspects of Christian religious life in the Byzantine civilization. One especially significant figure was St. Augustine, who lived from 354 to 430 CE. He was a theologian from North Africa (modern day Tunisia) whose teachings contributed mightily to the development of Christianity early on.

The overhaul and reforms, beginning with Italy and Africa, were meant to create a powerful system of military administration. The two areas, Italy and Africa, were placed under the control of a commander who was also the civil governor. Such
figures were called (borrowing from the ancient Greek) exarchs, and the provinces under them were called exarchates.

An example of an outstanding great historian of the Byzantine civilization was Procopius, cited by author Will Durant as “the one great historian of the period.” In 550 CE, he published his Books of the Wars and Anecdota, or Secret History. While a Christian, he at times in his books veered into Stoicism and skepticism.