DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 9

The Mesopotamian Civilization brought forth some of the most important developments in human history. The innovations of these industrious people included (quizlet.com): • the invention of the wheel, • the planting of the first cereal crops, • the development of cursive script, • mathematics, • astronomy, and • agriculture.

Sumerian society was based on a complex arrangement of freedom and dependence. It was divided in four categories: • Nobles, • Free clients of the nobility, • Commoners, and • Slaves.

When the king of one city conquered others, he would want to make sure that all the people in all the cities knew what to do, how to act appropriately. He wanted them to follow the rules and live peacefully together. The first important set of rules or code of laws was fashioned by Hammurabi, the King of Babylon around 2000 BCE. They were 282 laws in Hammurabi’s code and they covered everything that seemed likely to be important. There were laws on witchcraft, robbery, buying and selling, hiring, debt, inheritance, divorce, adoption, rates of wages, and compensation for loss or injury

There are five key characteristics that set its city, Sumer, apart from earlier human habitations, according to the World History Library (library 07.com):
• Advanced cities (commencing at 4000 BCE),
• Specialized workers,
• Complex institutions,
• Record keeping in writing, and
• Improved technology (the wheel).

Use of fire is not among these characteristics.

Sometime about 8,000 BCE, in what is now northern Iraq, people developed the knowledge of how to cultivate grains, which we know today as wheat and barley.

In about 5000 BCE, a group of people called the Sumerians engaged in the search for a good climate and productive soil; they began to settle in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, where Iraq is located today.

About 4000 BCE, the Sumerians founded the cities of Ur and Lagash, at the mouth of the Euphrates river.

The Mesopotamian Civilization brought forth some of the most important developments in human history. The innovations of these industrious people included (quizlet.com):
• the invention of the wheel,
• the planting of the first cereal crops,
• the development of cursive script,
• mathematics,
• astronomy, and
• agriculture.

Trigonometry is NOT one of these innovations.Trigonometry  was introduced by the Greeks. Hipparchus (c. 190–120 BCE) was the first to construct a table of values for a trigonometric function.

In broader perspectives, there are three aspects of Egyptian civilization that clearly identify its historical characteristics:
• Its genesis and uniqueness,
• Its roots in the Nile and the Rift Valley of Africa,
• Its longevity

According to Erman (1971: 32), “The inhabitants of Libya, Egypt, and Ethiopia
have probably belonged to the same race since prehistoric times; in physical stature, they are still Africans

Under the leadership of Menes, Upper and Lower Egypt were united, ensuring the unity of Egypt, consolidating the cumulative advances of both regions and launching Egypt into a time of prosperity and advancement.

Some of the great pharaohs of the Old Kingdom were: Khufu 2589-2566 BCE, Khaffa 2558- 2532 BCE, and Menkaura 2532-2503 BCE and  the great Pharaoh Djoser.

Early Pre-dynasty Period is between 5000 - 4500 BCE.

Often historians will say that the pharaohs, both female and male, were regarded as gods, but it is likely that this is a religious means of worship that has been misunderstood by scholars. The pharaohs were human; they were not divine or supernatural.

In early dynastic period the Great Pyramid of Giza was built, erected for the great Pharaoh Khufu in ways so complex and technically ingenious that no one, even today, is yet able to determine how it was built.

The timeline of The First Founding Pharaohs is 3150 - 2680 BCE

Cheikh Anta Diop is an African scholar who feels convinced that Egyptian civilization is an
African civilization. To stand his intellectual grounds, and claim an intellectual confidence, he relates Egypt to Africa by weaving evidential facts about race, language, religion, political traditions at the village and community level and forcefully arguing that ancient Egypt is an integral family of the West, South, and East African civilizations. Both Toynbee and Diop acknowledge that ancient Egypt emerged in Africa, but they differ in their intellectual behavior. The correct answer is E.

Diop, in his detailed analysis, states that ancient Egypt emerged from Nubia, in the modern map of Southern Egypt and the entire Sudan. The correct answer is A.

The family in ancient Egypt, as it was transitioning to the Dynastic period, was systematically organized to render wholesome family life. Breasted (1909: 85) gives detailed analysis of the family life:

".....and we often find on the tombs the statement, ‘I was one beloved of his father, praised of his mother, whom his brothers and sisters loved."

The statement was before the Dynastic period, therefore it belongs pre-dynastic period.  The statement uses past tense, indicating once upon a time they were alive. It indicates that now they are dead. So it shows the mortality feature of the human.  The correct answer is B.

J. G. Sutton catalogues that the entire region now known as the Sahara was wet and strewn with
lakes and rivers. He further argues that around that time, that region, the Sahara, was characterized by similarities of race, language, and material culture. These items of “material culture” included pottery, fishing lines, baskets, canoes, rafts, dugouts, and war implements made from sticks and stones. The correct answer is B.