DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 2

There arose a reformer king, Telipinu, who finished the civil war and took the throne in 1535 BCE. His first major challenge was to bring an end to dynastic succession conflicts. Therefore, he declared a law (known to history as the Edict of Telipinu) which concluded that the first male child born from the first wife of the king would be designated to ascend to the throne, primogeniture; if such a child was not available, then the next male child would become the king. If a king had no male child at all, then his eldest daughter’s son would become the subsequent king. This law, which King Telipinu issued with the approval of the Pankush, the Hittite Council of Nobles, was applied henceforth and it regulated Hittite ascension to the throne.

Egyptian pharaohs had come with their powerful fighting forces as far north, toward the Hittites, as the vicinity of the city of Kadesh (located in today’s Syria and at the time of the Egyptian moves a great Hittite center of commerce), in a general effort to repulse Hittite incursions upon what they considered Egyptian land.

It was in 840 BCE that Sarduri I gathered these tribes under his leadership and established the Urartu state, making Tushpa (Van) the capital. On the north-western flank of the Van Castle, there is an epitaph showing this construction.

Having lost the war, Midas fell with grief and committed suicide by drinking the blood of a bull.

Formerly organized as separate principalities, they established a strong state and made Gordion their capital.

One of the most important works of art of the Late Hittite City States is the stele of Ivriz, created in 730 BCE. Here, Varpalavas, the King of Tuvana, is shown praying in front of Tarkhu, the sky god of the Hittites, on the work measuring 4.30 m. The fact that the sky god holds in his hand a Virgo and grapes symbolizes abundance. The correct answer is D.

One must begin more solid history with the Chalcolithic period (5500 to 3000 BCE). That was a time when people moved from caves to villages and first mined copper. Hacılar is one of the most important centers for the period. Hacılar in the Lakes Region portrays the brightest culture of the Early Chalcolithic Age. Nine settlement layers and three cultural eras were revealed by excavations which have taken place here. Hacılar II was the best-known settlement of the period and it has been fully excavated. The correct answer is D.

The Phrygian language was developed from the Phoenician alphabet, and it later played an influential role in the Greek alphabet. However, it has not been yet deciphered. Approximately 300 epitaphs written in Phrygian have been found in Anatolia. The word ‘Mater’ in these epitaphs has been decoded; it was used by the Phrygians to refer to their mother goddess, which is none other than Kubaba - the mother goddess of Anatolia. The correct answer is A.

The gifts for the dead included a disc peculiar to the Hattis. This is called the “Hittite Solar Disc.” It was produced by a casting and wrought technique and bulls and deer were drawn on it. Furthermore, sculptures of bulls and deer epitomizing the gods were also found in tombs. In the royal tombs of Alacahöyük, Mahmatlar and Horoztepe, deer and bull statuettes -- which were considered sacred -- have been obtained. These statuettes are of the same style as the solar discs in terms of embellishment. The bull represents the god of the sky, whereas the deer represents the mother goddess. The correct answer is C.

Assyrian merchants became increasingly rich because of trading and the local officials were content, whereas the ordinary people became increasingly poor and fell short in the ability to pay their debts. Thus, money was obtained by loans at high interest. As a natural outcome of this, the elite was caught in various conflicts, and in the end, many places were reduced to ashes, thus ending the era of the Assyrian Period of trade colonies. The correct answer is E.

Magna Mater (or Kybele) was the famous fertility goddess of the Phrygians; she was well known among the ancient Greeks and the Romans, as well. For the Hittites, the greatest male deity was Teshup, who represented the sky, whereas the head of all the goddesses was Hepat. Hepat, who was the solar goddess of Arinna, continued to be worshipped in Anatolia as Kubaba during the Late Hittite period, and as Kybele later. The correct answer is A.

Urartian tribes were organized by King Sarduri I and subsequently formed the Urartian Kingdom, with its capital city of Tushpa; the city is believed to have served this function from the middle of the ninth century BCE onward. The correct answer is D.

The Lydian King Alyattes started to forge coins. The first coins were made from electrum, an alloy of 55 % gold, 45 % silver and a small amount of bronze.The correct answer is E.

Near Sardis the Lydian and Persian armies engaged in a battle. When the Lydian army lost, Babylonian documents report that Croesus was killed after being held captive, and a picture on a vase depicts Croesus as being burnt on top of wood. Regardless of whether Cyrus killed the Lydian king right away or befriended him, as Herodotus (who lived sixty years after Croesus) reports, these philosophically beautiful words were written by the Greek: “When asked by Cyrus, “Croesus, who advised you to attack my territories and meet me as an enemy not a friend?” Croesus said, “King, this is because of your good and my bad luck. The god of the Greeks is to blame, who gave me the arrogance to attack you. No one is crazy enough to choose war rather than peace. During peace, sons lay the fathers into the grave; whereas during war, the fathers lay the sons in the grave…” These answers appealed to Cyrus and he sat beside him and loosened his ties. The correct answer is B.

Hattushili III (1275 - 1250 BCE) ascended to the throne with Queen Puduhepa, who became one of the famous women in Hittite history. This couple alluded to divine powers in their acts. They made great use of religion in politics. Puduhepa placed her seal on many official documents either on her own account or together with the king, e.g. on the Treaty of Kadesh. Hattushili also attached importance to royal marriages and he had his elder daughter marry Ramses II of Egypt. Tuthalia IV (1250 - 1220 BCE) succeeded to the throne after his death; he was the son of Hattushili III and Puduhepa. A seal proves that the queen also continued to hold her title as the ruling queen (tavananna) during the reign of her son. This seal imprint is the only example wherein the name of the mother is given along with the name of the king. Diplomatically, there were good relations between the Hittites and the Egyptians. The most important problem of this period was a famine which broke out because of a severe drought. And this problem was solved thanks to the aid of the Egyptians. The correct answer is D.

The statements I and II are true for the Hittite Civilization.

Statements II and III are true about the Anatolian Civilizations.

Karain Cave is an ancient site that belongs to the Paleolithic Period.

Independent trade colonies in the Assyrian Civilization are called karum.

Shuppiluliuma is a king of the Hittite Civilization