DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 18

The correct answer is C in that society (I), culture (III) and infrastructure (IV) constitute the elements of internal system of civilization.

Braudel defines civilization as ‘a process rather than a temporarily stabilized construct’. Thus, the correct answer is the option B.

Supra-national community has these features indicated in I, II, and III options in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is the option D.

It is mentioned in the course book that during the last 6000 years, about 29 civilizations were developed and transformed into 9-10 major civilizations today. These civilizations are Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, Buddhist, African, Western, Eastern, Islamic, and Global and just emerging Virtual (Targowski 2015). Thus, the correct answer is the just emerging and the recent Virtual civilization. The correct option is A.

Third Grand Laws of the World Civilization stresses a sphere of conscious culture that directs the rest of the spheres of social life. Thus, the correct answer is the option C.

The Second Grand Law of the World Civilization is the Right of Man to Freedom and Reason. People constantly aim for freedom; the range of this freedom and reason depends on the level of a nation’s knowledge, communication ability and the knowledge of the international community. Considering this, the correct answer is Freedom and Reason and the option E.

Civilization is not small but a large society living in an autonomous fuzzy reification which is not a part of a larger one. Thus, the correct answer is given in the option D. All the other options are included in the composite definition of civilization.

Utopia is a society of calm and stagnation or perhaps even the beginning of civilization death. At first glance it seems to be a desired state of the world civilization but it may just be its end. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Chiefdom is defined as an autonomous, socio-political unit which consists of several villages or communities under the permanent control of a chief with aristocratic ethos, but without formal, legal apparatus of forceful repression and without the capacity to prevent fission. Thus, the definition given for chiefdom in the option E does not correspond to the term 'chiefdom'. The definition “A few dozen people moving continuously in the search for food” corresponds to the definition of the term ‘band’. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

During the last 6000 years, about 29 civilizations were developed and transformed into 9-10 major civilizations today

Fukuzawa Yukichi is one of the earliest oriental researcher who defined it as follows: “civilization comforts man physically and elevates him spiritually…Civilization advances the well-being and dignity of man, since man acquires these benefits through knowledge and virtue.” In his opinion, “morals had remained almost unchanged throughout history, but intellect had shown marked growth and progress.”

BCE stands for “Before Common Era,” or “Before Current Era.”

The first autonomous civilization was the Mesopotamian Civilization (including Sumerian), which emerged in the valley of Euphrates-Tigris rivers in the Middle East, about 4,000 BCE.

In most autonomous civilizations one can differentiate more than one culture, except for the Egyptian, Hittite, and Japanese Civilizations, which are monocultural.

According to Tri-Element Model (TEM) Tribe belongs to the Human element. Others can be found under Culture element of the model.

A tribe is a group of (especially primitive) families or communities, linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, and usually having common customs, dialect, and a recognized, informal leader. A tribe can be considered a segmented society devoted to horticulture or pastoralism rather than hunting and gathering.

A hegemonic power is a state, which dominates the world politically, militarily, economically, and scientifically. For example, at the beginning of the 21st century, the U.S. plays such a role in the world (so called Rome III).

Communication driven civilizations is one of the elements of Space and Time attribute.

Since The First Grand Law of the World Civilization is the Ability of Man to Develop: People have seen themselves as entering the world with a potential of many gifts, and they hope to fulfill these gifts in the development of their own lives, personal development goes under this law.

In Oriental historiography one of the earliest
researchers of civilization were:
• Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) in Japan,
who defined it as follows: “civilization
comforts man physically and elevates him
spiritually…Civilization advances the
well-being and dignity of man, since man
acquires these benefits through knowledge
and virtue.” In his opinion, “morals had
remained almost unchanged throughout
history, but intellect had shown marked
growth and progress.”