DÜNYA MEDENİYETLERİNE GİRİŞ - Deneme Sınavı - 13

Sumerian society was based on a complex
arrangement that combined freedom with
its opposite, dependence. It was ruled by law
(developed by Hammurabi) and ready for frequent
wars.

The Mesopotamian Civilization brought
forth some of the most important developments
in human history. The innovations of these
industrious people included (quizlet.com):
• the invention of the wheel,
• the planting of the first cereal crops,
• the development of cursive script,
• mathematics,
• astronomy, and
• agriculture.

The Mesopotamian Civilization was gradually absorbed by the Semitic people, who migrated from Arabia around 2300BCE andwho founded the great empires of Assyria (Syria today), and Babylonia (Iraq today).

The Babylonians (2004-1595 BCE and 625-539 BCE) established the city of Babylon, which became the most influential city in Mesopotamia.

In Sumerian, the word for the great ziggurat of Babylon was Etemenanki, which means “temple of the foundation of heaven and earth.”

Sumerian society was based on a complex arrangement of freedom and dependence. It was divided in four categories:Sumerian society was based on a complex arrangement of freedom and dependence. It was divided in four categories:• Nobles,• Free clients of the nobility,• Commoners, and• Slaves.

There are five key characteristics that set its city, Sumer, apart from earlier human habitations, according to the World History Library (library 07.com): • Advanced cities (commencing at 4000 BCE), • Specialized workers, • Complex institutions, • Recordkeeping in writing, and • Improved technology (the wheel).

The period, in which herding and agriculture came into widespread employment, is called by scholars the “New Stone Age” or (drawing from the Latin) the “Neolithic Age.” Our species of the Family of Man, Homo sapiens, which had been increasing very slowly, its numbers having reached – possibly – as many as 5 million in the world.

In about 5000 BCE, a group of people called the Sumerians engaged in the search for a good. The Civilization Approach to Human Development climate and productive soil; they began to settle in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, where Iraq is located today.

The Mesopotamian Civilization brought forth some of the most important developments in human history. The innovations of these industrious people included (quizlet.com): • the invention of the wheel, • the planting of the first cereal crops, • the development of cursive script, • mathematics, • astronomy, and • agriculture.

During their middle courses they gradually approach each other, as a result forming the boundaries of a triangle of mainly barren limestone land known as Al-Jazīrah (Arabic: “The Island”) in eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and extreme northeastern Syria. This “island” has fertile soil. It was the early magnet for the settlers.

The Mesopotamian Civilization was the first complex civilization. There followed on the same ground the following people who dominated this civilization’s development, activities, and fall and built subsequent ones: Sumerians (5000-2300 BCE), Akkadians (2334 – 2193 BCE), so forth.

There were many myths and legends about these gods and goddesses. Sumerian religion evolved out of a polytheistic pantheon whose principal deities were the god of air (Enlil), water (Enki), earth (Ki), and heaven (An).

In Hammurabi’s rules people committing some certain crimes have to pay with shekels of silver.

The first important set of rules or code of laws was fashioned by Hammurabi, the King of Babylon around 2000 BCE. They were 282 laws in Hammurabi’s code and they covered everything that seemed likely to be important. There were laws on witchcraft, robbery, buying and selling, hiring, debt, inheritance, divorce, adoption, rates of wages, and compensation for loss or injury.

“Mathematics and science (as noted) were based on a sexagesimal (base 60) numeral system. This is the source of the contemporary 60-minute hour, the 24-hour day, and the 360-degree circle. The Sumerian calendar was based on a seven-day week. This form of mathematics was instrumental in early map-making”

Since the highly productive soil of the Tigris-Euphrates valley can be described in ancient Greek as “the Land Between the Rivers,” this valley has been known as Mesopotamia. The correct answer is C.

The Sumerians (5000-2300 BCE) were the first humans known to form a civilization. They invented city, government, and writing - the frame of civilization. The correct answer is D.

There were many myths and legends about these gods and goddesses. Sumerian religion evolved out of a polytheistic pantheon whose principal deities were the god of air (Enlil), water (Enki), earth (Ki), and heaven  (An). TThe correct answer is A.

The ziggurats were not a place where public acts or ceremonies were performed, but were considered the dwelling place of the gods. Thanks to the ziggurat, people could be close to the gods. Each city had its own god or goddess, and the priests of that city had access to the interior of the ziggurat. There, attended to the needs of the gods, which made the priests a powerful element of society. The correct answer is C.