DÜNYA İLİŞKİLERİNDE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ

Just how many people are in flight globally and have been forced to leave their homes due to armed conflict is uncertain. The UN estimates that about 65 million people have been displaced globally and the outlook for quickly improving the situation is dire.

Added to this number are migrants moving within Europe for other reasons and migrants coming to Europe from other regions in the world. Many EU countries that have received relatively high numbers of refugees can be defined as welfare states but vary in terms of distribution policy ambitions and scope of social protection. The differences between the central and eastern parts of Europe and northern and western Europe are particularly stark.

As regards attitudes towards immigration, the emergence of the Islamic State (ISIS) and a string of terrorist attacks with religious overtones have affected views on various immigrant groups. In the United States, President Trump has succeeded in halting entry to the US from a few selected Muslim countries. Many Europeans are also opposed to immigration from Muslim countries, regardless of whether due to war, disaster or other reasons. Of the ten countries included in the study (Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain and the UK), the percentage of people who disagreed with the statement “All further migration from mainly Muslim countries should be stopped” was lower than 50 percent in only two (Spain and the UK). Both countries also have a long history with a relatively large percentage of Muslims in the population.

The long-term political, economic and social consequences of the large-scale immigration that the EU has witnessed in recent years are highly uncertain, not least for welfare states. Social debate in Europe has also been affected, and some pundits consider migration a threat not only to the survival of the welfare state, but the very survival of the nation state and fundamental European values.

Others consider migration the solution to some of the challenges of the welfare state, such as aging populations and their associated challenges, as well as a source of renewal and innovative processes. The issues are also current beyond the borders of Europe.

The welfare state is a political idea, or a social contract, based on the principle that the state, not the individual, is responsible for the welfare of its citizens and for ensuring that all citizens enjoy a minimum standard of living.

The lowest common denominator is a desire achieves higher welfare in economic terms and in living conditions more generally. In addition, out of some 1.3 million refugees who came to Europe in 2015, the overwhelming majority were 35 or younger, most coming from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. Refugee immigrants and family reunification immigrants make up the dominant group.

This differs from immigration in the past, when volumes were considerably smaller and labor force immigration was dominant.

An interesting question that should be further explored is how the labor force migrators are composed and their skill structure, i.e. the percentage share having academic qualifications. Qualifications and skills, such as an academic background, are a critical factor in the success and effectiveness of economic integration.

Briefly, the life-cycle income theory is based on the understanding that income and earning capacity are spread across the entire life cycle.

Just how many people are in flight globally and have been forced to leave their homes due to armed conflict is uncertain. The UN estimates that about 65 million people have been displaced globally and the outlook for quickly improving the situation is dire.

Many EU countries that have received relatively high numbers of refugees can be defined as welfare states but vary in terms of distribution policy ambitions and scope of social protection.

Some people consider migration the solution to some of the challenges of the welfare state, such as aging populations and their associated challenges, as well as a source of renewal and innovative processes.

Social debate in Europe has also been affected, and some pundits consider migration a threat not only to the survival of the welfare state, but the very survival of the nation state and fundamental European values. Others consider migration the solution to some of the challenges of the welfare state, such as aging populations and their associated challenges, as well as a source of renewal and innovative processes.

Rapid integration thus lightens the economic costs that are undoubtedly generated in the short term. At the same time, successful integration can produce economic opportunities, such as eliminating labor shortages and skills provision problems.

During the postwar period and up to the 1970s and 1980s, immigration to Sweden was dominated by labor force immigration. It is noteworthy that asylum and family reunification immigration is larger than labor force immigration, a situation that was exacerbated in 2015 in particular.

It is noteworthy that asylum and family reunification immigration is larger than labor force immigration, a situation that was exacerbated in 2015 in particular. Refugee immigrants thus constitute a large group of all immigrants who come to Europe.

There are several arguments based on economic theory for how labor force migration can impact an economy. In the short-run perspective, there may be upward pressure on unemployment and downward pressure on real wages.

The large percentage of migrants with low educational attainment is thus a challenge for EU. Many lack the skills required to gain a foothold in the European labor market and this is the primary cause of low employment among immigrants.

There is basically consensus among scholars that human capital is the most important factor for individuals to successfully establish themselves at the labor market.