DÜNYA İLİŞKİLERİNDE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ - Deneme Sınavı - 6

The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented its first report in 1990, which summarised current research and determined that global warming exists and constitutes a grave threat to world communities.

The report was the basis for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio.

World leaders met once again in December 2015 to reach consensus on further commitments that must be made— and complied with—to prevent global warming from rising beyond unacceptable levels. The conference was held in Paris and was the largest gathering of world leaders ever.

It resulted in the Paris Agreement, which became legally binding within only about a year after 55 countries responsible for at least 55 percent of global emissions had ratified the agreement.

When the newly established IPCC published its first report in 1990, today’s EU countries produced 19.5 percent of total global emissions, compared to 22 percent for the US.

When the newly established IPCC published its first report in 1990, today’s EU countries produced 19.5 percent of total global emissions, compared to 22 percent for the US.

In 1850, the group of countries that today make up the European Union accounted for a full 89 percent of global emissions.

Through total emissions reductions of 22 percent in 2015 compared to 1990 levels and by outperforming targets according to the commitments made in the Kyoto Protocol, the EU countries have, by and large, also delivered in practice.

In 2009, the BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) generated 25 percent of world GDP and more than 25 percent of GHG emissions.

In 2009, the BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) generated 25 percent of world GDP and more than 25 percent of GHG emissions.

“Maastricht values” are defensively structured.

The EU’s accession criteria (the “Copenhagen criteria”) were later established during the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen

Stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. 2. A functioning market economy and the ability to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU. 3. Ability to take on the obligations of membership, including the capacity to effectively implement the rules, standards and policies that make up the body of EU law (the “acquis”), and adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

It was with the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE) of 2004 that the principles were first called “values” and their number further expanded: respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities.

It can be argued that the infringement proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) are the Union’s most important legal mechanism for implementing common norms and values.

There is also non-binding or “soft law” tools, including annual reports drafted by EU institutions that address issues related to the fundamental values. In 2014, both the EU Commission and the Council introduced two new mechanisms. The Commission adopted a Rule of Law Framework and the Council undertook to organize an annual Rule of Law Dialogue among the Member States.

Nice treaty entered into force on 02.01.2003

In 2010, France expelled almost a thousand ethnic Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria, where they were citizens. The action was controversial in the EU and Commissioner Reding threatened to launch infringement procedures against the French government for what she considered forced expulsion.

The measures taken and constitutional amendments made in Hungary have led to serious international criticism and the adoption of soft law measures by the European Parliament but did not trigger the treaty procedures.

This takes us to the as-yet undecided tug of war between the EU and individual Member States that are for various reasons challenging the obligations of EU membership in the matter of respect for Treaty values. The prime example in this respect is Poland.