DÜNYA İLİŞKİLERİNDE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ - Deneme Sınavı - 5

“Brexit” is perhaps the challenge that most clearly has shaken the foundations of the EU. The British people’s request to leave the EU and the ensuing exit negotiations is a grave test for the EU, as it goes against the idea of recurring EU expansions and that the EU should encompass all of Europe.

Two high representatives have left their mark on the EU through their efforts to develop strategies aimed at carving out a path forward for the EU in international politics. Javier Solana led the work on the European Security Strategy (2003).

Uncertainty plays an overarching role and is thus one of the most important factors that can contribute to an increased use of media logic. By uncertainty we mean whether decision-makers are faced with an entirely new strategic landscape, e.g. a new issue that they have not dealt with before or the weakening or renegotiation of previously stable institutions.

Third factor is resonance. Resonance means that decisionmakers experience some form of pressure from an external audience regarding an issue at hand or policy under consideration.

According to Mogherini, both the world outside the EU and the EU itself was experiencing an existential crisis. Externally, the EU was depicted as being surrounded by conflicts, particularly in the east (Ukraine, the Crimea), southeast (Syria, Iraq, Yemen) and south (Libya, Egypt). There were also threats and conflicts inside the EU: a seemingly constant stream of terrorist attacks (Brussels, Paris, Nice, Manchester, Stockholm, Barcelona—to name only the most recent incidents), financial crises, waves of migrants that the EU was ill-equipped to deal with, and the EU institutions put under pressure by the growth of new EU sceptical movements.

Due to the crisis in Yugoslavia, NATO’s role had changed from a strict military alliance to an organization with peace-keeping ambitions.

While the ESS under Solana’s leadership in 2003 painted a positive picture of the EU as being at the height of its prosperity, under the leadership of Mogherini in 2016, the EUGS adopts a completely different tone. EUGS is intended to respond to an uncertain world is its focus on “resilience” (endurance and the ability to recover). The threats that are appearing inside and around the EU are multi-faceted and the challenges are great. Everything, from terrorism to a more offensive Russia, is challenging the EU.

A vision of European security policy is formulated in terms of unity, democracy, peace and expansion.

Çözüm: A comparison of the Solana and Mogherini strategies and the situation of the EU during the periods during which they were drawn up shows that the surrounding context changed considerably and, therefore, so did efforts to formulate a common foreign policy. Over the same period, elements of media logic in the EU’s central foreign policy document increased, even if the media logic’s dramaturgy was used primarily to win support for traditional political solutions. Compared to the role it plays in the EU’s process of foreign policy formulation, the media logic has made greater inroads in the surrounding world. The EU’s High Representatives have struggled with problems linked to the fact that they are not always understood to be spokespeople for the foreign policy of the whole EU. In the same way, the EU itself must live with being called into question and with (occasionally) weak public support for its common policy. It is thus noteworthy that elements of the media logic are not actually stronger than they are.

In 2016, there is a polarized description in which European identity, among other things, is based on diversity and non-discrimination, in contrast to those who do not support these values.

IPCC stand for intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

(IPCC) presented its first report in 1990.

In 1850, the group of countries that today make up the European Union accounted for a full 89 percent of global emissions.

The US chose to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol in 2001.

The Paris Agreement is a “bottomup” agreement with one common objective—to limit global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius by 2100.

Many contextual factors are among those that seem to matter for people’s opinions on climate change and the policy instruments to reverse it. First, there is political culture.

Many contextual factors are among those that seem to matter for people’s opinions on climate change and the policy instruments to reverse it. First, there is political culture. To count a couple, our book makes a list: Political culture, social norms, path dependency, individual-specific factors, fundamental values.

In 2009, the BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) generated 25 percent of world GDP.

EU CO2 emissions in 2015 accounted for 9.6 percent of the global total.

The US in particular had sharply increased its emissions in the first half of the twentieth century.