DİPLOMATİK YAZIŞMA VE PROTOKOL

“A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result”. As stated in the definition, a project can be a product, service or result. Thus, it can be found within a rich diversity of projects in our society.Although Tower of Babel or Egyptian pyramids are called some of the first “projects”, it is probable that cavemen ancestors built first projects around 150,000 years ago. It is definitely true that the construction of Boulder Dam and Edison’s invention of the light bulb were also projects. However, it is assumed that modern project management began with the Manhattan Project so the option "C" is not true.

The followings can be given as examples of recent projects: the English
Channel tunnel (Chunnel), the International Space Station, and SpaceShipOne. However, the Manhattan Project is considered to be the first modern project but not a recent one.

Outcomes of a project are generally evaluated by three factors: cost, schedule,
and performance. Personnel is not one of them.

Initiation Phase: This first phase of project life cycle involves identification and specification of the project. Project objectives and requirements are determined. The project team members are formed and their tasks are assigned.

All of the options are the reasons why the importance of a project management increasing.

According to the Project Management Institute (PMI®), the term project stakeholder refers to “an individual, group, or organization, who may affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome
of a project”.

All projects start with an idea. Within the initiating process group, this idea turns into a project and is described. The initial scope and estimated budget are clearly defined and financial resources are committed. The correct option is B.

It is created in Planning Process Group.

The completion of each project procurement is done in Closing Process Group.

The monitoring and controlling process group includes the following project management processes:
• Monitor and control project work
• Perform integrated change control
• Verify scope
• Control scope
• Control schedule
• Control costs
• Perform quality control
• Report performance
• Monitor and control risks
• Administer procurement

Project management is an efficient tool that improves an organization’s ability to plan, implement, monitor, and control its activities and more productive use of people and resources. The essential benefit of implementing project management techniques is to meet customer’s satisfaction. Accomplishing the project scope in a quality manner, on time, and within budget provides great satisfaction.

Many researchers and organizations have described the project in different ways. The most comprehensive definition is provided by the Project Management Institute as follows: “A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result”.

A project is usually a one-time activity with a well-defined set of expectations and objectives.

A project is usually a one-time activity with a well-defined set of expectations and objectives. The fundamental attributes of a project are given as follows:

1. A project states certain specific objectives that can be defined in terms of schedule and cost.

2. As stated in the definition of the project, projects are temporary activities

3. A project may be unique or may have some unique elements. Especially, megaprojects like the Panama Canal are unique since they have never been done before

4. A project uses various resources to conduct project activities. Such resources can involve people, equipment, material, machines and facilities.

The program is alternatively used with the project due to their similarities. The objective of them is to accomplish within budget in a quality manner and customer satisfaction at a given time. However, the main distinction lies in the life span and objective. A program covers a longer time period and includes several parallel or sequential projects that share common goals and resources. Although projects are unique and highly unpredictable, most projects pass through similar phases on the way from origin to completion. These stages are called the project life cycle. The life cycle indicates that projects have a specific time frame and that there are changes in the level of effort over the life of the project. In the project management literature, there are a large number of life cycle models. Project life cycle consists of four distinct phases: initiation, planning, performing, and closure.

Project life cycle consists of four distinct phases: initiation, planning, performing and closure. 

1. Initiation Phase: This first phase of the project life cycle involves the identification and specification of the project. Project objectives and requirements are determined. The project team members are formed and their tasks are assigned.
2. Planning Phase: In this phase, the level of effort rises. More formal set of plans are established to determine when the project will be scheduled, what the budget will be, and what quality level should be maintained. Then, individual tasks and requirements of the project are defined.
3. Performing Phase: A major part of the project occurs in this stage. The performing phase includes the stages of design, production, and implementation. It can be referred  as the progression through which a system moves from being an idea to an end item. This phase results in the accomplishment of the project objective in a quality manner within budget and on time.
4. Closure Phase: This phase can be referred as the “termination” phase. It includes certain close-out activities to be carried out such as completing all payments, releasing project equipment/materials, and transferring all related documents. In addition to these activities, this phase involves customer training and obtaining feedback from customers about whether their expectations are satisfied.

Project management is a system approach to management. A project is a system of interrelated components such as tasks, resources, stakeholders, schedules, budgets, and plans. The aim of project management is to integrate the components to accomplish the project goal.

Some of the reasons why the importance of project management is
increasing according are described below:

• Compression of the Product Life Cycle

• Global Competition

• Knowledge Explosion

• Corporate Downsizing

• Increased Customer Focus

• Rapid Development of Third World and Closed Economies

When a project continues from one phase to the next, the project management methodology helps the project manager to (1) identify the required project tasks, (2) identify the required resources and costs, (3) establish priorities, (4) plan and update schedules, (5) monitor and control end-item quality and performance, and (6) measure project performance.

An efficient planning process includes the following:
• Developing Project Management Plan
• Requirement of stakeholders
• Definition of scope of the reasons for your project
• Creating Work Breakdown Structure
• A list of all activities and their sequence
• A detailed project schedule
• Estimation of cost and determination of budget
• A description of how you plan to manage any significant risks and uncertainties
• Plans for project communications
• Plans for ensuring project quality