DİPLOMASİ

According to Richelieu negotiations must be continuous and directed by a single person - the foreign minister - otherwise they would not be successful or effective.

The first significant diplomatic writer of the twentieth century is Ernest Satow. Satow owes his reputation in diplomatic theory to his book Guide to Diplomatic Practice, which was the first remarkable book in English language about the theory and practice of diplomacy when it was published in 1917.

Multi-lateral diplomacy is an outcome of modern diplomacy, which came to exist after the Congress of Westphalia and usually functions through conferences.

There should be a consensus about which state is a great power.

A common feature of the diplomacy of small states as new states, is the importance that they attach to diplomatic representation. As it is a sign of recognition and sovereignty, having representatives in other states and international organisations has been and is still an important part of diplomatic relations for the newly independent and small states.

A version of coercive diplomacy is military diplomacy which can be described as the use of force of threat of it to achieve military goals.

Twiplomacy

the use of Twitter and other social media sites by government agencies and officials to engage with the public, disperse information and even leverage global influence.

The main concern of Hugo Grotius in his theory of diplomacy is to avoid war, by using diplomatic methods, such as conference, negotiations, arbitration and compromise.

Morgenthau, who is accepted as the founder of international relations discipline, defines diplomacy as the most important factor which makes the power of a nation as it brings the different elements of national power together.

‘Diplomacy is the application of intelligence and tact to the conduct of official relations between the governments of independent states, extending sometimes also to their relations with vassal states; or, more briefly still, the conduct of business between states by peaceful means’ (Satow, 1932, 1). 

‘Diplomacy is the management of international relations by negotiation; the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys; the business or art of the diplomatist’ (Harold Nicolson, 1969, 15). Doğru cevap " A " dır.

The main actors of diplomacy, as it is traditionally accepted regardless of its scope, are foreign ministers along with other employees of the ministry and the diplomatic agents in foreign countries, that is the head of mission and members
of the diplomatic staff of the mission. Doğru cevap " B " dir.

Another major function of diplomacy is representation. The main instrument of representation is embassies and its main actors are ambassadors, consulates, attaches and other diplomatic personnel. Representation can take several facets. Symbolic or ceremonial representation is one those. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Machiavelli’s formulation of diplomacy is based on his experience of serving as
diplomat of Florence, his home city, until the fall of the republic in Florence in 1512. Another Florentine diplomat who has contributed to the theory of diplomacy is Francesco Guicciardini. Another contributor of the diplomatic theory is Hugo Grotius, who is a great opponent of war and deems it acceptable when it is just, and for this reason according to him diplomacy has
a vital role. French statesmen Richelieu has also formulated ideas on diplomacy. Doğru cevap " D " dir.

The first significant diplomatic writer of the twentieth century is Ernest Satow. Satow owes his reputation in diplomatic theory to his book Guide to Diplomatic Practice, which was the first remarkable book in English language about the theory and practice of diplomacy when it was published in 1917. Doğru cevap   " E " dir.

In very broad terms it is possible to separate diplomatic relations between states into two, depending on the number of actors, as bilateral diplomacy and multilateral diplomacy. Whereas bilateral diplomacy defines relations between two states multilateral diplomacy defines the relations between more than two such actors. As is defined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the establishment of diplomatic relations between States, and of permanent diplomatic missions, takes place by mutual consent. (Article 2) Doğru cevap      " A " dır.

Middle power diplomacy is usually a multilateral diplomacy. This is because they lack the sources to be influential in unilateral and bilateral actions. Thus they prefer to establish alliances and coalitions with like-minded states, which would provide them a chance of leadership and influence. Middle powers perceive international institutions as the ideal framework for governing international affairs and strive to provide multilateral solutions to global problems and they also engage in multilateral activism to overcome a lack of bargaining power at the unilateral and bilateral level, and gain legality, legitimacy and moral authority for their assertive diplomatic initiatives. (Efstathopoulos,2018, 55) Doğru cevap " B " dir.

It is to everyone’s knowledge that a major part of diplomacy is carried out in secrecy. Secret diplomacy refers to diplomatic engagements that take place without the knowledge of the public. Conference diplomacy refers to the multilateral diplomatic negotiations that take place in international conferences.  Coercive diplomacy defines the use of limited force or the threat of using force in diplomatic relations, with the aim of achieving desired ends.Crisis diplomacy defines the international efforts to manage and solve a crises. On the other hand, Small State Diplomacy is not a type of Diplomacy. It is related to the Diplomatic Relations. Being a small state means to have relatively less power in the international system. They usually have small territory and population, low sources and income, weak economy and military, and high vulnerability. Therefore, the choice C is wrong answer. Doğru cevap " C " dir.

Multi-track diplomacy claims that placing all aspects of unofficial diplomacy under track-two makes it difficult to seize whole scope and context of the field. For this reason, multi-track diplomacy offers a multilayer differentiation with nine tracks instead of two. It also foresees a cooperation with official diplomacy. Therefore, the first track in multitrack diplomacy is the government. Track two would be the professional, experienced nonofficial attempts of conflict resolution through nongovernmental actors. Track three is defined as business and consequently is carried out by businessmen. Track four of multi-track diplomacy is carried out by private citizens. Track five includes research, training, and education. Track six of multi-track diplomacy is activism.  Track seven is religion and is based on directing the influence of religious beliefs, communities and institutions to conflict resolution by highlighting themes like shared values.  Track eight is about the funding of all these multitrack diplomacy activities. The last track, track nine is the communication and media. On the other hand, the choice D resolution might have  been used instead of Professional Conflict Resolution in Track Two, but it is missing. Therefore it is wrong answer.  Doğru cevap " D " dir.

With the technological revolution informal channels have also appeared for people to communicate and inform each other and come together on the international level. The widespread usage of smartphones has furthered the impact of these new technologies, making everything instant. This has changed the nature of relations between the state and the citizen. With the more information they access and the opportunity to share it and come together the citizens have become more powerful. This helps them influence their states as well as other states and even the international politics. In this sense digital diplomacy is closely related to public diplomacy. Policy- makers employ digital diplomacy, especially social media, for several functions: to investigate what the public thinks about foreign policy choices; to educate the public about foreign policy and international relations; to explain challenges and alternative means to address them; and to cultivate public support for policies they have selected. (Gilboa, 2016, 546) Doğru cevap " E " dir.