DİPLOMASİ - Deneme Sınavı - 12

Formulation  of foreign policy is not one of the main duties of ministry of foreign affairs

NGO is not interested in international trade

Origins of modern diplomacy date back to Italian city states in the 14th century.

This treaty is regarded as the beginning of modern and secular state formation in diplomatic history. Westphalia Treaty can be considered as the first international conference of the European states which ended Thirty Years War between Habsburgs and Bourbons in 1648.

This institution was the predecessor of the United Nations which was established by the victorious states of WWI on January 10, 1920.

Main actors in the UN are the United States, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the Great Britain, France and China.

NGOs are non-profit, voluntary citizens’ organizations acting on national, regional or international levels out of the jurisdiction of states. They provide monitoring for the implementation of decisions and treaties on various issues ranging from environment to human rights.

Ministry of foreign affairs have different names in different countries like Foreign Office in the UK and State Department in the US.

The first ministry of foreign affairs in today’s understanding was established in France in the 1620s by Cardinal Richelieu after three centuries from the establishment of modern diplomatic missions.

Until the end of WWI, bilateral diplomacy kept its hegemony in the international relations.

The basic objective of the UN is to protect sovereignty of its member states and world peace.

Multilateral diplomacy became popular after WWII although it was originated from the Vienna Congress in 1815 due to the diversification of problems in this period.

International System is one of the Temporal and Conjectural Factors.

The first legacy that the rulers of the Turkish republic inherited from the Ottoman past is that the state is the main diplomatic and security actor.

Turkey’s been the member of NATO since 1952.

Hatay was incorporated into Turkey in 1939.

The time period between 1945 and 1960 corresponds to a bipolar international structure and a high level confrontation between the US- led Western liberal democratic countries and the communist countries of the Soviet block.

Turkey had to discover the importance of the strategic relations with the Western world once again as the change of regime Iran and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan increased the tension between the two blocks in 1980s.

Turkey tried to strike a balance between pursuing a more independent/multidirectional foreign policy stance on the one hand and increasing its efforts to solidify its presence in the Western international community on the other in 1990s.

For about twenty years between 1960 and 1980, Turkey shifted to a more multi-directional and multi-dimensional foreign policy stance as the so-called détente caused a softening of the bipolar confrontation between Western and eastern blocks.