ÇATIŞMA ÇÖZÜMÜ - Deneme Sınavı - 5

The right answer is D.

The right answer is E) I, II and III are the aims of state intervention IV. and V. are the aims of intergovernmental organizations.

Christopher W. Moore identifies several problem areas that often deadlock negotiations:

The right answer is D). that are related to relational problems .

In option A) Christopher W. Moore  defines several problem areas related to negotaitions while mediating; C) is about William Zartman who coined the word ripeness.; D) is about Edward E. Azar, who  organized several workshop exercises around the Lebanese and Sri Lankan conflicts; and option E) is about Herbert C. Kelman, who conducted a significant number of problem-solving workshops between the Israelis and Palestinians before the historic Oslo Accords in 1993. Therefore the right answer is Roger Fisher (B).

IV. should be , reason, rather than emotion, would become the dynamic factor of their future interaction and cannot be included to the role of problem-solving activities, thereforev the right answer is E) I,II,III and V, which are the aspects of problem-solving activities.

Option B) Conciliation is an alternative out-of-jurisdiction conflict resolution instrument. It is a process whereby the conflicting parties use a conciliator that meets with the parties both separately and together in an attempt to resolve their differences

Option C) Arbitration is a binding way of conflict resolution outside
the courts or legal procedures. The conflict is decided by one or more persons, the arbitrator(s), and is legally binding on both sides. Mediation, on the other hand, is a process in which a neutral third party helps conflicting parties to find a mutually acceptable solution to their conflict. Third parties can also play a significant role in sustaining peace. Option D)Mediation, on the other hand, is a process in which a neutral third party helps conflicting parties to find a mutually acceptable solution to their conflict. Third parties can also play a significant role in sustaining peace. Sustaining peace, in a generic sense, refers to multitrack intervention strategies aimed at terminating conflict and building durable peace. Such strategies involve developing symmetric interdependence, revising formal education, as well as building inter-communal
confidence. The term Negotiation in E) is a general term that is not used specifically in relation to conflict resolution.  Therefore the right answer is A) consultation.

I. May ensure party autonomy
II. The parties are not free to select their conciliator ( they are free to select)
III. Conciliation is time and cost-efficient
IV. It ensures confidentiality

V. Initiates mutual positive motivation for problem-solving ( feature of consultation)

Right answer C) I, III and IV

Option  B) Mediation is also a political process with no advance commitment from the parties to accept the mediator’s ideas of formulas. In this regard, it differs from arbitration that employs judicial procedure and issues a verdict that the parties have committed themselves beforehand to accept. Mediation can be best thought of as a dialogue or negotiation with the involvement of a third-party. C)  Third-party consultation is a small-group problem-solving method for the study and resolution of a conflict, whereby a consultant or consultants give information, opinion, and advice to conflicting parties to direct them to reach a mutually acceptable solution. D) Conciliation is an alternative out-of-jurisdiction conflict resolution instrument. It is a process whereby the conflicting parties use a conciliator that meets with the parties both separately and together in an attempt to resolve their differences E) The second mode of mediation requires the mediator to enter into the substance of the negotiation. Since a conflict may not only impede communications between parties but be so encompassing that it prevents them from conceiving ways out of the dispute, the parties need a mediator as a formulator. It is the role of  A) Arbitrator therefore the right option is A) Arbitration, on the other hand, is a binding way of conflict resolution outside the courts or legal procedures. The conflict is decided by one or more persons, the arbitrator(s), and is legally binding on both sides. The arbitrator is required to be impartial and independent. Both standards are interrelated, and they aim to ensure that the conflic is decided objectively based on the arguments and evidence submitted.

In option A) ripeness was coined in conflict resolution literature by I. William Zartman, and it refers to the condition of a “mutually hurting stalemate.” Option C) the term as “an unofficial, informal interaction between members of adversary groups or nations aiming to develop strategies, influence public opinion, and organize human and material resources in ways that might help resolve their conflict.” Option E) Arbitration is a binding way of conflict resolution outside the courts or legal procedures. The conflict is decided by one or more persons, the arbitrator(s), and is legally binding on both sides.The right answer is B)

Option A) ripeness was coined in conflict resolution literature by I. William Zartman, and it refers to the condition of a “mutually hurting stalemate.” Option B) should be utilized to transform hostile relationships harming the parties at large. Sustaining peace, in a generic sense, refers to multitrack intervention strategies aimed at terminating conflict and building durable peace. Option C) is  a broad concept that is not used in this context.Option D ) Arbitration is a binding way of conflict resolution outside the courts or legal procedures. The conflict is decided by one or more persons, the arbitrator(s), and is legally binding on both sides. The right answer is E)

"Bottom-up peacebuilding strategies, or peace from below, mean that peace is derived from individual and civil society actors".

"neither explicitly vague conceptual meaning nor practical implementation of local ownership implies full control over all aspects or possession of the process by local actors during the peacebuilding process."

"even though the ultimate aim of the local building is the transfer of power from international staff to local actors, premature power shift might lead to catastrophic consequences. For instance, this was the case in Bosnia in 2003, when political development showed the signs of returning to ethnic politics at the municipal level ".

"...this kind of a strategy jeopardizes the sustainability of peace given that it ultimately undergoes local elites’ dictation and foreigners’ imposition and further bears the risk of re-construction of the status quo ante that triggered the conflict".

" Civil society’s primary roles are taking responsibility for homegrown solutions and producing grass-roots peace projects to contribute during conflict resolution and post-conflict peacebuilding. "

"the inclusion of civil society to conflict resolution and peacebuilding processes can be measured most tangibly through the establishments and involvement of NGOs with specific objectives and media since these, in most cases, are the organized bodies of civil society".

See the last paragraph of page 205: "In East Timor..."  Also note that "the establishment of independence in Cyprus with these treaties is an explicit example of third-party arbitration as a conflict resolution method (page 208).

"The position of women in conflict regulation and peacebuilding processes was most explicitly defined in 2000 by UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security".

"...the result was disappointing for conflict resolution: while the Turkish Cypriot side approved the Annan plan with 65%, the Greek Cypriot side rejected it with 76%."

"An example of inter-communal civil society cooperation in Cyprus could be seen in the archaeological sphere. A bi-communal organization called “the Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage” undertakes the restoration of archeological and historical buildings in Cyprus."