ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI

Turk.

Bkz: Sorunun doğru cevabı kaynak kitapta 7. ünite 171. sayfanın 2. paragrafında verildiği üzere doğrudur.

Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan

Turkic is generally used to characterize the five Central Asian countries that were formed following the collapse of the Soviet Union, namely Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Azerbaijan.

The first notable leader of the Xiongnu was Touman (Teoman). He fought not only the Chinese to the south, but also the Yuezhi people to the west. Around 215 BCE, China started unifying and it completed the Great Wall to keep territory recently conquered and to advance further north and west.

Touman’s son Modun became the leader in 209 BCE. He was successful in subduing many other nomadic peoples to the north including the Tung-nu and Dingling, and Donghu to the east in Manchuria. He then invaded China and laid siege to the capital Taiyuan.

The northern Xiongnu tribes would later be called the Huns.

Attila allied with some Germanic peoples and attacked the Roman Gaul in June of 451. The Romans were able to convince the Visigoths to fight on their side
and Attila lost, but not without fighting very hard. Next year, his army regrouped, and he conquered Northern Italy and started going south for the
ultimate target: Rome. 

The fall of the Western Roman Empire was imminent. For some reason, still puzzling to historians, Attila decided not to sack Rome at the request of the Bishop of Rome, Saint Leo the Great. Rome had to pay a large tribute and Attila took a Roman princess, Honoria, as bride.

It took the Turks five decades of struggle to revive the Eastern Kok Turk Empire under Ilterish Kutlugh Khagan with his chief advisor Tonyukuk in 682. His sons Bilge Khagan and Kul Tegin, and their uncle Qapaghan Khagan, worked successfully to bring back the old days of glory.

The second Eastern Kok Turk Empire lasted until 744 when it collapsed due to infighting and by the emergence of another Turkic Empire, the Uighurs.

Tamerlane was born into such a tribe, one called the Barlas. Once he established his authority in his native Transoxiana region, he set out to conquer cities as geographically diverse as Saray in the north, Baghdad in the southwest, and Delhi in the south. He defeated and took prisoner the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402.

Atatürk instituted reforms to modernize Turkey. the Swiss civil code and the Italian penal code were adopted. This included giving men and women equal rights in all circumstances apart from voting, which was given to women in 1930.

Turks, like other Central Asian nomads, have a rich tradition of oral poetry, songs, and music. Oneinstrument that Kazakh and Kirghiz still play today, the kopuz, is said by some researchers to be the ancestor of the violin and other stringed instruments.
This instrument used to be played by shamans during healing ceremonies.

Divan-i Lughat al-Turk, written by Mahmud Al-Kashghari  is a dictionary of the different Turkic dialects of the time and acts as a guide to the Turkic culture.

Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi was a legendary Ottoman aviator, he flew from Galata Tower to Uskudar over bosphorous.

Turkish language spoken in Turkey is belong to Oghuz Turkic family.

Chinese people has an important role in history for illustrating written sources in terms of Turkic culture history.

Huns extended their lands up to Western Roman Empire with the leadership of Attila.

Mahmud Al-Kashghari wrote the Turkic book Divan-i Lughat al-Turk.

Battle of Ankara occurred between Ottomans and Temarlane. Other battles were the struggles of European countries to stop the advange of Turks.

Ottomans had a rich literary tradition called the Divan style. Prominent examples include Leyla and Majnun of Fuzuli, and Husn-u Ask of Sheyh Galib. On the other hand, Turkish folk literature included the following poets from the fourteenth century through the twentieth century: Haci Bayram Veli, Kaygusuz Abdal, Pir Sultan Abdal, Koroglu, Karacaoglan, Gevheri, Dertli, Dadaloglu, and Asik Veysel.

Atatürk was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938.

Chinese