ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI

Kievan Rus: This was a powerful and prosperous East Slavic state which thrived under the reign of the Ruriks from the 9th to the 13th century. forces of the nomadic Mongol Empire overran Kievan Rus in the 13th century, devastating many cities, including Kiev itself.

Moderate Phase: 1905-1917: The 1905 “Bloody Sunday” massacre of a peaceful demonstration in Saint-Petersburg triggered nationwide strikes, which paralyzed the economy. 

Radical Phase: 1917-1921

Radical Phase: 1917-1921: This period, which coincided with the whole duration of the Civil War in Russia, began with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, and it involved an armed power struggle between the Bolsheviks and several rival groups.

The Soviet Union existed from 1922 to 1991. After Lenin’s death in 1924, dictatorial powers were assumed by his successor Joseph Stalin. The ruthless and calculating dictator suppressed his political opponents, introduced his own crude version of Marxism-Leninism.

-The nation underwent a period of rapid industrialization which was accompanied by the brutal collectivization of peasants into factory-like communes called kolkhozy and sovkhozy between 1928 and 1940.

-In 1921 most of what is now Ukraine was annexed by the Soviet Union. 

-On 24 August 1991, the Act of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine was adopted by the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian Parliament).

-The “Orange Revolution” erupted between late November 2004 and January 2005. 

-On the night of 21 November 2013, the “Euromaidan” burst into existence.

-The “Euromaidan” protests turn bloody with over 100 protesters sacrificing their lives in February of 2014.

He depicts the First Wave (Agrarian) as the society after the Agrarian Revolution, which gradually replaced nomadic tribes.

The Second Wave (Industrial) brought with it the Industrial Revolution, and it lasted from late 17th century through the mid-20th century. The Second Wave society was based on industrial-scale production, distribution, consumption, education, media, recreation, entertainment, and weaponry. These features were combined with standardization, centralization, concentration, and synchronization, and they were in a style of organization called bureaucracy

The Agricultural Period coincides with lifecareers of Kievan Rus and its successors – the Grand Principality of Moscow, and the Czardom of Russia. Kievan Rus was a loose federation of the East Slavic principalities, which flourished under the reign of the Rurik dynasty from the late 9th to the
mid-13th century CE. The evolution of Kievan Rus ended with the Mongol invasion.

Although Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise (978-1054), waged frequent military campaigns, he also perceived dynastic marriages as a preferred way to maintain good relationships with other European countries. Three of his daughters became queens of Western European states (France, Norway, and Hungary). Of his sons, three married German princesses and the other one a Byzantine princess, while he himself was the son-in-law of the King of Sweden, and brother-in-law to the King of Poland. The UK historian Ronald Hingley dryly notes that for equally intricate Russian dynastic involvements with western Europe, one has to wait for the nineteenth century Romanov emperors. Upon Yaroslav’s death in 1054, however, his sons divided the state into warring factions, and the city of Kiev lost its preeminence.

The principalities of Rus had to submit to the Mongol Empire and to become part of what was called the Golden Horde. The remaining vestiges of Kievan Rus in the west were absorbed by Poland and Lithuania. The only region that retained autonomy was the Republic of Novgorod. The indigenous aristocracy continued to exist while intensely intermarrying, this time with the elites of the nomads.

Novgorod Republic:  Among the successor states to Kievan Rus has been the Novgorod Republic as well as the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal. 

Novgorod was a successful port on the eastern side of the Hanseatic League trade network.

Until Novgorod was subsumed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1478, it was governed by the veche – an early democratic institution of East Slavs.

The Grand Principality of Moscow originated within the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal when Prince Daniel I inherited a tiny timber citadel called Moscow in the mid-13th century. After eclipsing its parent state by the 1320s, it then absorbed the Novgorod Republic in 1478, and the Grand Principality of Tver in 1485.

Until Novgorod was subsumed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1478, it was governed by the veche – an early democratic institution of East Slavs. e veche had been an ancient instrument of self-governance originating from the tribal gatherings in the region.

The Russian Empire was established by Peter I in 1721.As a result of several mostly successful wars, he expanded the Czardom into a much larger empire, the rise of which occurred simultaneously with the descent of the competing neighbors: the Swedish Empire, the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia.

A significant challenge to the Romanov dynasty and their empire also came in the form of the French invasion, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812. Napoleon hoped to compel Czar Alexander I to cease trading with Britain. Another contentious issue for both leaders was domination over Europe as well as Poland since each wanted a semi-independent Poland.

Politically, the empire operated as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905, when for a brief period it finally assumed trappings of a constitutional monarchy.

From its very beginning, the Soviet state featured wide disparities between the lifestyles of the elite and those of ordinary citizens. While the political and cultural upper-classes resided in palatial quarters, most of the Soviet urban population huddled in low-cost, concrete- paneled or brick buildings three- to five-stories high, known as khrushchyovkas.

The “Orange Revolution” erupted between late November 2004 and January 2005. It was a series of protests and political events that took place in the aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, which had been marred by corruption, intimidation, and fraud. The results of the “Orange Revolution,” however, were largely canceled by a subsequent ten years of infighting between the moderates of various political brands.

There were several reasons for Russia’s expansion. First of all, the landlocked nation needed access to the sea. Secondly, the ruling class of Russia was a land-rich aristocracy, which profits from territorial expansion. Sometimes, the expansion may have had ideological underpinnings, for example, the idea of third Rome, Pan-Slavism, or later, Communism.And finally, the empire may have continued to expand almost accidentally - by the need to bridge already conquered territories

The dominant ideological doctrine of the Russian empire was formulated during the reign of Czar Nicholas I in the first half of the 19th century. It was known as “Official Nationality” and expressed in a triad: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality.

Peter the Great dreamed about a westernized Russia, the land of order, progress, and power and an empire inspired by and inextricably connected to Europe. The Czar-reformer also gave a powerful impetus to the evolution of science, scholarship, and innovation by establishing Saint Petersburg University and the Academy of Sciences.