ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI

Denmark

Pope Clement VII`s refusal to allow King Henry VIII to divorce his wife started the Protestant Reformation.

1989

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1955 in response to the Warsaw Pact.

Inquisition

the Age of Enlightenment

liberty and equality

State communism

1993

commitment to the idealized national values, culture, and religion.

Western Civilization has been less successful at finding mechanisms to avoid the development of totalitarian (Nazism), semi-totalitarian (Fascism), and populist regimes which have trampled on individual freedoms and human dignity, practicing brutal racism.

In 476 the Roman Empire ended – although part of it continued and evolved as the Byzantine Civilization – and the Dark Ages in Europe began, lasting almost to the Italian Renaissance of the 15th century.

Greek Civilization first developed the idea of political freedom and the possibility of democratic and other political institutions.

North America was principally colonized by the British, French, Spanish, and Dutch. The Portuguese colonized South America along with the Spanish.

Knowledge and gunpowder-equipped armies prompted local feudal supremacy structures to give way to centralized, absolute, well-managed monarchies.

The Italian Renaissance (14th century– 17th century) directed attention to new scholarship and increased curiosity for beauty and innovations.

Protestants advocated a new, simpler style of Christianity, based on an individual relationship with the divine, and its emphasis on individual spirituality unlocked the way to more personal choice in other aspects of life. This became a crucial feature of Western civilization, and among other effects it yielded the rise of the contemporary Western secular society.

The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), one of the all-time most dazzling generals, guaranteed that Revolutionary France conquered much of Europe, diffusing as it went not only the ideals of the French Revolution, such as the rights of man, but also more efficient and equalitarian governments and societies across the continent.

Its members were France, West Germany, Luxemburg, Belgium, Holland, and Italy.

Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy and the rule of law.