ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI

This region can be singled out as the origin of man, the origin of the Nile, and the origin of the three monotheistic faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The civilizations that originated in the Rift and the Nile Valleys were heavily influenced by two things: the ancient Egyptian Civilization and the three monotheistic faiths mentioned above. Therefore, the correct option is A.

when the Prophet Mohammed started preaching the faith of Islam in Arabia, he was faced with persecution by the Meccans. As he battled his adversaries, he sent some of his most faithful followers, including his daughter, to seek shelter in Abyssinia. He told them they would face hospitality and security there. He also instructed them to preserve the faith, advance its teachings if he and his followers were exterminated by those who were persecuting them. Therefore, the correct option is B.

At the formative level, Greek Civilization was heavily influenced by Egyptian mathematical, and architectural legacies. It expanded into North Africa and along the shores of the Red Sea up to and beyond the port of Adulis, an ancient Egyptian port build by the Ptolemies, later to become the primary port of the Axumite Empire. The Axumite Empire, at the height of its global power, dominated the northeastern part of Africa up to the southern borders of Upper Egypt on the north and as far as Southern Arabia. Therefore, the correct option is C.

In 641 CE, Islam reached North Africa when Alexandria fell under the mighty arm of Islamic warriors. North Africa began to experience new religious activity with irresistible secular and sacred commitments to spread the faith of Islam. Great Islamic centers of Islamic learning, such as Timbuktu, thrived in uniting the central and western parts of Africa. The traditional contact with interior Africa continued to flourish in trade, this time with Islam as the driving force for intensified trade in African goods. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The term “Europeanism” is used here to explain the analytical framework of Europeans in their study, description, and conclusions of Africa, its people, and its cultural values. Africa, its people, and its cultural values are the bedrock of African Civilization. The mental image embedded in Europeans adventurers, explorers, and colonialists was formed by the purpose and objective of slavery, colonialism, and postcolonial monopoly capitalism. Africa was stripped of its precious resources, and the indignity of being dominated does not enable its victims to confidently extol or glory in their civilizations. The objective study of civilizations, irrespective of their current political or economic status, reveals societies of celebrated histories and civilizations. Therefore, the correct option is E.

the concept of liberalism is regarded as an ultimate value of civilized societies. However, exclusion, disfranchisement, and grievous violations of human rights remain prevalent in liberal systems in measures like those regarded as illiberal and uncivilized. The Apartheid system of earlier South Africa, where democratic pluralism was good for selected citizens while perpetrating savage cruelties against most South African citizens, reveals that the “civilized” democratic system of the West falls short of becoming wholesome, because it has not matured to the highest of civilized culture as it tolerates gross injustice within its societies and outside its own societies. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The region above tropical Africa is the Savanah; it is the connecting bridge between the northern and southern regions of the continent. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Merrick Posnansky argues that African civilization is expressed in its regional settings as an adaptation of Hamitic and Nilotic origins. He also details African civilization as a focal point for scholarly analysis, yet a moving target without a conclusive and uniting theoretical tool rooted in scientific postulations. Therefore, the correct option is D.

In evaluating African civilization and its historical relation to the Egyptian civilization, we cannot claim that all Africans are the creators of Egyptian Civilization. While we do not credit Africans in general for creating the phenomenal Egyptian Civilization of ancient days, it cannot be said with convincing intellectual and scientific ascertainment that the Egyptian Civilization was created by non-Africans, such as Europeans or Asians. There are no traces of linguistic, anthropological, religious, or socio-political habits and modes of thinking and acting that are even remotely, let alone closely connected to Pre-dynastic or Dynastic Egypt that can easily be identified in Europe, the Middle East, or the Asian societies.
Rather, we find many commonalities with the Egyptian Civilization expressed in the Maghreb, in West Africa, in East Africa and in Central Africa. What is scientifically indisputable is the fact that there are linguistic, religious, and socio-cultural patterns of worship, communication, artistic, and aesthetic expressions in Africa, such as in Nubia, Kush/Ethiopia, Mali, and farther in southwestern Africa, whose affinity to Egyptian civilization can be categorized as identical or similar. Therefore, the correct option is B.

A sense of childhood – and the love of children – is seen as a modern invention, ascribed variously to religions, capitalism, and the Enlightenment. It is odd that this view should have had so large an impact, since we already knew from studies of contemporary primitive societies, such as the San of the Kalahari Desert, that children are not only loved but indulged without the benefit of modern science, enlightened teaching or capitalist requirements. Therefore, the correct option is E.