ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI - Deneme Sınavı - 3

The correct answer is B.

The answer is D.

The answer is D.

The answer is D.

The answer is B.

The answer is A.

The answer is B.

The answer is D.

The answer is C.

The answer is C.

The forces of the nomadic Mongol Empire overran Kievan Rus in the 13th century, devastating many cities, including Kiev itself. Excellent organization, mobility, numerical superiority, and fighting innovations such as the use of stirrups made the Mongol army the greatest war machine of its time.

The period between the demise of Feodor, the last Czar of the Rurik dynasty, in 1598 and the accession to the throne of Michael Romanov in 1613 even receives a special name – the Time of Troubles.

There were several reasons for Russia’s expansion. First of all, the landlocked nation needed access to the sea. Secondly, the ruling class of Russia was a land-rich aristocracy, which profits from territorial expansion. Sometimes, the expansion may have had ideological underpinnings, for example, the idea of Third Rome, Pan-Slavism, or later, Communism.

Peter understood that the alternative to Westernization for Russia was to be run over by its European neighbors. The six-feet eight-inch (203 cm) tall Czar energetically started to deal with the xenophobia and religiosity of the old Moscovy by trimming long beards and coats of his boyars. Russia had to become just like the West in all ways, even looks, however with one major exception – no parliamentary rule.

Politically, the empire operated as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905, when for a brief period it finally assumed trappings of a constitutional monarchy

The Soviet Union existed from 1922 to 1991.

Among other seminal events and processes that eventually led to the fall of the Soviet Union certainly was the Chernobyl nuclear meltdown. The episode embodies in itself a number of the systemic shortcomings of the Soviet “command economy” such as design flaws, low quality of equipment, personnel incompetence, “storming” to meet unwarranted deadlines, negligence of safety and security, as well as the state’s misinforming the public and unwillingness to admit the truth.

The evolution of religious beliefs within the Eastern Civilization has been gradual and has passed through several periods. As we already know, the East Slavic old religious beliefs were animistic. Animism perceives all things, for example, animals, plants, rocks, and rivers, as animated and alive. Gradually, however, the Eastern Civilization formed its identity around a mystical faith called Orthodox Christianity, which arrived from the Byzantine Empire. Other religions such as Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism proved essential in Russian history as well.

In the 17th century, Russia and its culture were still backward and medieval. The nation had not experienced the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century as European countries did. Peter the Great dreamed about a westernized Russia, the land of order, progress, and power and an empire inspired by and inextricably connected to Europe. His new capital, the city of Saint Petersburg, was now not only the center of the new Russian Empire but also a foundation of a new, modern society. To visually dramatize the transformation of his realm, Peter erected a gilded showcase just outside of the city – the summer retreat Peterhof, now affectionately known as the “Russian Versailles.”

The dominant ideological doctrine of the Russian empire was formulated during the reign of Czar Nicholas I in the first half of the 19th century. It was known as “Official Nationality” and expressed in a triad: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. Obviously, the key word here is Autocracy, since the triad is inherently unbalanced in favor of centralized autocracy.