ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI - Deneme Sınavı - 2

The term Islam derives from the three-letter Arabic root s-l-m, which generates words with interrelated meanings, including “surrender”, “submission”, “commitment” and “peace.” The correct answer is C.

Hz. Mohammed was born in 571. The correct answer is A.

At first, Hz. Mohammed preached the Revelations to his family and friends. His cousin Ali, who would later become his son-in-law and one of the most important leaders in the history of Islam, was the first child to embrace Islam. The correct answer is D.

Islam has five basic-duties which Muslims must perform. They are known as the five Pillars of Islam (Arkân al-Islam). These pillars are mentioned in the following Hadith (a saying of Prophet Mohammed): “Islam is based on five things; declaring that there is no god but Allah and that Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah, performance of Salah, payment of Zakah, Hajj (Pilgrimage), Savm in the month of Ramadan.” The Five Pillars as mentioned in the Hadith are; a) Shahadah: (Declaration of faith) b) Salah : (Five compulsory daily prayers) c) Zakah : (Welfare-contribution) d) Hajj : (Pilgrimage to Mecca) e) Sawm : (Fasting during Ramadan). The correct answer is E.

While Hz. Mohammed and the others were travelling to Medina, they stopped at Qubaa, a small town near Medina, where Hz. Mohammed built the first mosque. When he arrived at Medina, he began work on the second mosque immediately. The correct answer is B.

The Hijrah (Hicret), took place in 622 and was the second exodus of the Muslim community from Mecca. This time it was to Medina. The correct answer is D.

The Truce of Hudaybiyyah was between Mecca and Medina. This treaty proclaimed that there would be no fighting between Mecca and Medina for 10 years. It also said that Hz. Mohammed could visit Mecca immediately, and that in the following year he would be allowed to bring his people on pilgrimage to the Ka’aba. Conflict had driven the faithful Muslims and the rest of their society apart, but now, with peace established, everyone was free to interact, and Islam spread rapidly. In the two years after the signing of the truce the number of Muslims more than doubled. The Quraysh broke the truce by attacking a tribe that was in alliance with the Prophet and killing them all in the sanctuary at Mecca. The correct answer is E.

In the tenth year of the Muslim calendar the Prophet Mohammed set off from Medina with tens of thousands of Muslims to perform the pilgrimage. This trip was his last and is referred to as the “Pilgrimage of Farewell.” Near Mecca Hz. Mohammed preached to a huge gathering of pilgrims. He reminded them of the duties of a good Muslim. He also reminded them that one day they would meet Allah, who would judge each of them based on how they had lived their lives.  The Prophet Mohammed asked them if he had succeeded in his efforts to convey the word of Allah and the crowd that only a few months earlier had been mostly nonMuslims replied that he had. The correct answer is B.

The first four leaders who followed Hz. Mohammed are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman and Ali. Abu Talip was the uncle of the Prophet. The correct answer is C.

The Umayyad Caliphate was established in 661 CE and lasted for about one hundred years. The capital moved from Mecca to Damascus. The correct answer is D.

The speed of computing is accelerating. By about 2045, artificial intelligence or machine intelligence probably will equal or exceed human intelligence. This may bring on singularity, a Big Bang for humanity, as hybrid organisms replace our human one and we evolve into Homo cyborg, human machines.

The world today encounters four extreme challenges: • The transformation from Western Civilization to Global Civilization • The development of Virtual Civilization • A new great crisis, especially seen in the Western and the Eastern Civilizations • The possible Clash of Civilizations

The most populous five countries of the world are China, India, United States, Indonesia and Brazil.

Food Crisis - Such a crisis stems from four main causes: • The production of biofuels takes over land for growing corn and sugar cane. • The increasing consumption of meat in the developed countries, as well as in China and India, requires an increased output of feed (seven or eight kilos of high-quality feed is needed per each kilo of meat) such as corn and soybeans. • Deregulating foreign food trade (towards the end of the 20th century) meant the destabilization of production, reserves, and the consumption of food in most countries. • The monopolization of food production is practiced by American companies, with four corporations dominating most farming business and bringing local farmers to bankruptcies; small farms produce healthy and tasty produce whereas those giants offer unhealthy and tasteless food.

The term Clash of Civilizations has been coined by Samuel Huntington. He argued that • without the common threat of communism, civilizations now tend to perceive each other as enemies, and • increased communication and interaction between civilizations has actually exaggerated perceived differences.

In the early decades of the current century, the tenets of this doctrine have become clear. They are based on the following rules: - Rule 1:The elimination of governmental regulations is necessarily beneficial since that encourages freedom of speech. - Rule 2: Intellectual property is an old concept which should be eliminated. - Rule 3: Most of the extant face-to-face meetings, particularly international conferences, should be replaced by virtual conferences to lower costs and broaden participation. - Rule 4: Printed books, journals, gazettes, and magazines should be replaced by e-publications to increase readership and decrease costs. - Rule 5: Face-to-face communication is too personal.

Unlike others, Todoist is a productivity tool and has no social networking feature.

The founders of Global Civilization belong to the single global society; it is composed of an international elite group of the richest and most powerful people in the world. Among them are politicians, central bankers, chief executives of global corporations and those who gather at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, traditionally held near the end of January.

The Global Mind is guided by the principle “think globally, act locally.”

The term “virtual culture” means the electronization of the emerging information culture in computer network storage sites (in what is today called “the cloud” - rented cyberspace) which has been rapidly developing in the 21st century. In the last 500 years, information culture was developed by such media as print, telegraph, telephone, telecommunications, recorded sound (records and CDs), movies, radio, television, and so forth. In the last 50 years new media such as computers (software) and the Internet electronized and virtualized information culture.