ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI - Deneme Sınavı - 14

The early Muslim caliphates (empires), first the Arabs, then the Persians and later the Turks set about to create classical Islamic civilization. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

The Arabian Peninsula was populated with polytheistic Semitic people at that time, therefore the correct answer is B.

Hz. Mohammed (s.a.v.) was born in 571. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Hz. Mohammed instruct his followers to take refuge in Ethiopia in the year 614. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Islam does not insist on the supremacy of the material, it is a well-balanced civilization and it determined by a balance between the material and the spiritual life. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Quraysh is the name of a tribe in Mecca. It is not one of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, therefore the correct answer is D.

During the Abbasids Dynasty between 750 CE and 1517 CE Baghdad became the center of arts and sciences for the entire world. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

The purpose of these Crusades was to recapture the region, especially Jerusalem, for Christianity. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

The greatest of the medical books was by Ibn Sina. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

The diet of medieval Europe was poor. It was mostly meat and bread, leeks, garlic, onions, cabbage and a few root vegetables. Rice, sugar, coffee and olives did not exist in their diet, therefore the correct answer is E.

The Grand Principality of Moscow originated within the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal when Prince Daniel I inherited a tiny timber citadel called Moscow in the mid-13th century. After eclipsing its parent state by the 1320s, it then absorbed the Novgorod Republic in 1478, and the Grand Principality of Tver in 1485.

Until Novgorod was subsumed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1478, it was governed by the veche – an early democratic institution of East Slavs. e veche had been an ancient instrument of self-governance originating from the tribal gatherings in the region.

The Russian Empire was established by Peter I in 1721.As a result of several mostly successful wars, he expanded the Czardom into a much larger empire, the rise of which occurred simultaneously with the descent of the competing neighbors: the Swedish Empire, the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia.

A significant challenge to the Romanov dynasty and their empire also came in the form of the French invasion, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812. Napoleon hoped to compel Czar Alexander I to cease trading with Britain. Another contentious issue for both leaders was domination over Europe as well as Poland since each wanted a semi-independent Poland.

Politically, the empire operated as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905, when for a brief period it finally assumed trappings of a constitutional monarchy.

From its very beginning, the Soviet state featured wide disparities between the lifestyles of the elite and those of ordinary citizens. While the political and cultural upper-classes resided in palatial quarters, most of the Soviet urban population huddled in low-cost, concrete- paneled or brick buildings three- to five-stories high, known as khrushchyovkas.

The “Orange Revolution” erupted between late November 2004 and January 2005. It was a series of protests and political events that took place in the aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, which had been marred by corruption, intimidation, and fraud. The results of the “Orange Revolution,” however, were largely canceled by a subsequent ten years of infighting between the moderates of various political brands.

There were several reasons for Russia’s expansion. First of all, the landlocked nation needed access to the sea. Secondly, the ruling class of Russia was a land-rich aristocracy, which profits from territorial expansion. Sometimes, the expansion may have had ideological underpinnings, for example, the idea of third Rome, Pan-Slavism, or later, Communism.And finally, the empire may have continued to expand almost accidentally - by the need to bridge already conquered territories

The dominant ideological doctrine of the Russian empire was formulated during the reign of Czar Nicholas I in the first half of the 19th century. It was known as “Official Nationality” and expressed in a triad: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality.

Peter the Great dreamed about a westernized Russia, the land of order, progress, and power and an empire inspired by and inextricably connected to Europe. The Czar-reformer also gave a powerful impetus to the evolution of science, scholarship, and innovation by establishing Saint Petersburg University and the Academy of Sciences.