ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI - Deneme Sınavı - 11

D) It lasted from late 17th century through the mid-20th century.

B) Mongol invasion

The forces of the nomadic Mongol Empire overran Kievan Rus in the 13th century, devastating many cities, including Kiev itself.

E) I and IV

Among the successor states to Kievan Rus has been the Novgorod Republic as well as the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal.

D) 1721

The Russian Empire was established by Peter I in 1721.

C) I, III and IV

A)

The vehicle for the expansion was industrialization.

B) Poland

A) Russian Orthodox Church

C)

D) Alexander II

The era of Czar-reformer Alexander II is the Golden Age of the Russian literature.

In a short span of twenty years Lev Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Ivan Turgenev, and Ivan Goncharov created the genre of a Russian novel, Alexander Ostrovsky - Russian drama, Nikolay Nekrasov – folk poems, and Nikolai Leskov – folk stories.

Islam was destined to be a world religion and a civilization, stretched from one end of the globe to the other. The early Muslim caliphates (empires), first the Arabs, then the Persians and later the Turks set about to create classical Islamic civilization. In the 13th century, both Africa and India became great centers of Islamic civilization. Soon after, Muslim kingdoms were established in the Malay-Indonesian world, while Muslims flourished equally in China. Islamic civilization is committed to two basic principles: oneness of Allah and oneness of humanity. Islam does not allow any racial, linguistic or ethnic discrimination; it stands for universal humanism. Besides, Islam has some peculiar features that distinguish it from other cotemporary civilizations.The Islamic Civilization was able to quickly become an empire that stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to just east of China, and from the Persian and Indian Oceans to north of the Black Sea in less than 100 years.

The correct answer is C.

Hz. Mohammed was born in 571.The correct answer is B

Each and every word of the Qur’an was recorded as soon as it was revealed by Allah to the Prophet through Angel Gabriel . The Prophet’s secretary Zaid bin Thabit and others used to record them exactly as the Prophet told them. He continued reading it back to the Prophet until 632 (CE). Shortly after the death of the Prophet in 632 (CE) Omar (May Allah be pleased with him) suggested to caliph Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Qur’an should be compiled in one volume. Up to then, the Qur’an was written down in pieces in order as they were revealed. A Committee was formed under Zaid bin Thabit to gather the scattered material of the Qur’an into one volume. And Abu Bakr ordered the compilation of the Qur’an (Düzgün and Sağlık, 2005: 29).

The correct answer is C.

The Hijrah (Hicret), took place in 622 and was the second exodus of the Muslim community from Mecca. This time it was to Medina. This event strengthened Hz. Mohammed’s transition from preacher to leader. He had practice when he led his people to Abyssinia, but this was a much bigger mission.

The correct answer is A.

Islam was destined to be a world religion and a civilization, stretched from one end of the globe to the other. The early Muslim caliphates (empires), first the Arabs, then the Persians and later the Turks set about to create classical Islamic civilization.

Five Pillars of Islam: Islam has five basic-duties which Muslims must perform. They are known as the five Pillars of Islam (Arkân al-Islam). These pillars are mentioned in the following Hadith (a saying of Prophet Mohammed): “Islam is based on five things; declaring that there is no god but Allah and that Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah, performance of Salah, payment of Zakah, Hajj (Pilgrimage), Savm in the month of Ramadan.” The Five Pillars as mentioned in the Hadith are; a) Shahadah: (Declaration of faith) b) Salah : (Five compulsory daily prayers) c) Zakah : (Welfare-contribution) d) Hajj : (Pilgrimage to Mecca) e) Sawm : (Fasting during Ramadan) (Düzgün and Sağlık, 2005: 41).

The correct answer is E.

The Prophet Mohammed was a member of a modest clan, the Hashim, which was part of a successful tribe, the Quraysh, in Mecca. He received a message from Allah, through the Angel Gabriel (Cebrail). As he told the message to others in Mecca he found many followers. However, before long, the Prophet Mohammed was fighting with the power structure in Mecca, and his life was threatened. Luckily he was able to migrate to nearby Yathrib, soon to be renamed Medina, and start a new life there.

By the time of Hz. Mohammed’s birth there were 360 idols in the Ka’aba, each representing a different deity. This made Mecca a popular tourist destination, attracting people from all over the region.

Now that the Hijrah was completed it was decided that September 23rd, 622 would be the beginning date for the Muslim calendar.

The correct answer is B.

The first four leaders who followed Hz. Mohammed are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman and Ali.

The correct answer is A.