ÇAĞDAŞ DÜNYA UYGARLIKLARI - Deneme Sınavı - 2

At one point in the first half of the Second Millennium (CE), China was roughly at the same level with Europe in scientific knowledge and far ahead in the technologies of printing, naval navigation, and ammunition (dynamite). However, the worst political mistake in the history of world civilization was almost certainly a decision made by the fourth Emperor Hongi in the Ming Dynasty to destroy the Chinese fleet; the last long voyage overseas was ended in 1433. It was a suicidal move that put China in a disadvantageous position among the strongest countries of the world. The correct option is B.

China became subordinate to foreign rulers and invaders -- Mongolians, Manchurians, British, and Japanese. The correct option is E.

Buddhism was imported from India. The correct option is A.

Buddhism offers the prospect of salvation and grants an opportunity of entering the eternal joyful realm, which is ‘Nirvana’. The correct option is C.

Explicit relations to Shinto are seen in sumo wrestling like many Shinto-inspired ceremonies such as cleansing the wrestling arena by scattering it with salt before a competition. The correct option is A.

In 1979, China became the first country to launch a ‘one child per couple’ policy. The correct option is B.

Chinese citizens must attend school for at least nine years. The correct option is C.

To read and write in Japanese, youngsters have to learn nearly 2500 symbols. The correct option is E.

The initial and very profitable Japanese animation dates back a century, to 1917, and Japanese anime production has since sustained steady growth. The distinctive anime art style appeared in the 1960s with the contributions of Osamu Tezuka. Due to his creative artistry, it spread internationally in the late 20th century, creating a large domestic and international audience. The correct option is B.

Sanskrit is the language of sacred texts or Vedas, the Epics of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, the Puranas, and the Upanishads. The modern descendant, Hindi, is the most widely spoken language in India today. The Islamic version is called Urdu. The correct option is C.

There was originally a simple three-caste structure.

The correct option is D.

The second group was the Kshatriya who represented the heart. They symbolized defenders of society and were politicians, soldiers, and administrators. The Vaishya or individuals engaged in world pursuit of business and commerce. The correct option is A.

Traditionally, according to the Vedas, meals could be divided into three groups:

The correct option is A.

Clothing follows a similar pattern. A dhoti kurta is an outfit that is often worn by married Hindu men. It is composed of a generously cut cotton shirt called a kurta covered by the dhoti. The latter is a long piece of material that ties around the waist and spreads down to cover most of the legs. Many Hindu women wear a sari, a word of classical Sanskrit origin meaning “cloth.” Those who do not and have not adopted western-style clothes sometimes will wear a pair of loose-fitting trousers and a long tunic. This outfit is called a salwar kameez. Women who cover their heads might wear a chunni or a shawl. The correct option is B.

The earliest of these works are the Vedic Scriptures, dating back to before 1000 BCE. They are four in number and constitute hymns to various aspects of the deity. They were accompanied by the Brahmanas, which are commentaries on the Vedas. Between 700 and 300 came the Upanishads. These were philosophical tomes – often called the most ethereal writing ever, anywhere - that indicated how an individual soul or “Atman” could be united with the “Brahman,” the universal soul. The classical period of Hinduism begins by 400 BCE and ends about 500 CE and is characterized by two great literary epics: the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Ramayana, recounts the life of Rama, a legendary prince who, among other tasks, sets out to rescue his wife Sita from a demon king. This epic is centered on the various aspects of bhakti-devotion, faithfulness, determination, and loyalty. The correct option is D.

400–500 CE Hinduism returns as the dominant religion of India. Temples and monuments are built to honor Hindu ideas, gods and beliefs. This is the era of the Hindu Renaissance. The correct option is E.

Hinduism has a caste system attached; Buddhism does not. Neither spread through military means. Hinduism tends to be more polytheistic (belief in many gods), but it maintains belief in one universal force, absolute monism, which however appears in three major forms — Brahma, the creator deity; Vishnu, the Preserver; and Shiva, the Destroyer (meant to be ridding the old for the new). Buddhism was initially quite simple, with its precepts embodied in the Four Noble Truths. It assisted the believer to a self-realization beyond the material world. But when it arrived in East Asia, it became more polytheistic. Moreover, in contrast to the tenets of religions such as Hinduism, which hold that only a few can only achieve ultimate enlightenment, Buddhism is open to all. However, the Buddha initially maintained that there were three truths about life in this world: sickness, old age, and death. After years of reflection, he developed a philosophy that is followed and practiced today. It does resemble Hinduism as it believes that life on earth is an illusion. The correct option is C.

In Buddhism, it is believed that life on earth is an illusion. To escape from this illusion, one must seek nirvana (nothingness). Human suffering is caused by desire which, in turn, is caused by materialism. Materialism creates pursuit which leads to frustration, then suffering and unhappiness. To eliminate this suffering and achieve nirvana, an individual must follow an eight-fold path: right activities, right concentration, right effort, right intentions, right livelihood, right mindfulness, right speech, and right views. In this way, one can escape the cycle of birth and re-birth. By this eight-fold path, one can avoid materialism and its attendant problems. The correct option is B.

The original version of Buddhism, known as Theravada Buddhism (sometimes also called the Lesser Vehicle), prevails in Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Laos, and Cambodia. It tends to be more philosophical and monastic. It places emphasis on attaining nirvana in a later life via a monastic life in the interval. It is a “council of elders” which places the focus on the first Buddhist or Pali Canon as the accepted scripture. Hence, the sobriquet of the lesser vehicle is given. As recounted, this type of Buddhism is practiced throughout southeast Asia. The correct option is D.

Hinduism and Buddhism are the longest existing systems among significant faiths. Hinduism is believed to have formed around 1500 BCE. Hinduism was probably born following the arrival of the Aryans before 1500 BCE, maybe even centuries earlier. Between 2500–1500 BCE the Indus River Valley civilization developed and flourished. Evidence of early Hindu practice dates archaeologically to this vanished culture. The correct answer is C.