BUSİNESS MANAGEMENT - Deneme Sınavı - 10

• Management emerged with the Industrial Revolution.

• Management is based on position; leadership is about personal qualifications.

• Managers are appointed; a leader is a role model who earns the title and is embraced by the followers.

• Management aims at formal goals whereas leaders generate informal goals.

• Management is attaining goals through others; leadership is pursuing goals with others.

• Management is based on rules, leadership is spontaneous and inspirational.

• Managers focus on completing tasks efficiently; leaders focus on goals for development, improvement, and change.

• Management authority is based on legal authority; leadership power comes from followers.

• Management produces order and consistency; leadership produces change and movement. The correct answer is A.

Management authority is based on legal authority; leadership power comes from followers.

Contingency models of leadership focus on the match between environmental factors and leader’s behaviors. Some of the factors examined are organizational goals, leader employee relations, task structure, and position power. Let’s briefly explain some of the contingency approaches to leadership: situational leadership; Fiedler’s contingency theory. The correct answer is E.

Leadership is the process of influencing others – a group, employees, or followers depending on the environment- in dynamic ways towards attaining goals.

The management and leadership roles, which are critical dimensions of the world of business, have distinguishing characteristics:

• Management emerged with the Industrial Revolution.
• Management is based on position; leadership is about personal qualifications.
• Managers are appointed; a leader is a role model who earns the title and is embraced by the followers.
• Management aims at formal goals whereas leaders generate informal goals.
• Management is attaining goals through others; leadership is pursuing goals with others.
• Management is based on rules, leadership is spontaneous and inspirational.
• Managers focus on completing tasks efficiently; leaders focus on goals for development, improvement, and change.
• Management authority is based on legal authority; leadership power comes from followers.
• Management produces order and consistency; leadership produces change and movement.

According to Michigan studies, task-oriented behaviors indicate a focus on production and technical aspects of a job.

According to the Michigan studies, people-oriented behaviors indicate a supportive approach to subordinates.

According to the Ohio State studies on leadership behavior, initiating structure shows the emphasis on formal processes such as designing roles and responsibilities.

According to the Ohio State studies,  consideration behavior is a form of people orientation and indicates the extent of concern for the relationships with subordinates and their feelings.

The Managerial Grid consists of five managerial or leadership styles reflected in two dimensions which are concern for people (vertical) and concern for production (horizontal): (1,1) Impoverished management – low in both dimensions; (1,9) Country Club management – high in concern for people and low in concern for production; (9,9) Team management – high in both concerns; (9,1) Authority Compliance – high in concern for production and low in concern for people; and (5,5) Middle of the Road management – intermediate in both  dimensions.  "Empowering management" is not a component of this grid.

The introduction of transformational leadership was initiated by Downton and developed by Burns.

Charismatic leadership is inspiring and motivating people beyond what they would normally do.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others which creates barriers between members of a group or a work team.

Situational leadership emphasizes that leaders match their approach according to the degree that subordinates are ready for the task. The premise of the situational leadership model is: “Different situations demand different types of leadership”. The correct answer is E.

People-oriented behaviors indicate a supportive approach to subordinates. Managers with this type of orientation dealt with high performance goals and human needs. Today, we must emphasize that the success and effectiveness of different behaviors depend on the necessity of the circumstances which is influenced by constant change. The correct answer is D.

Social needs are a person’s need for friendship, belongingness, acceptance, and love. Employees and group or team members of a company become satisfied by the work environment beyond basic needs when they have good relationships with their peers and managers. The correct answer is C.

Esteem needs can be internal such as self-respect and self-image, and extrinsic such as recognition and respect by others. Thus, managers can satisfy the extrinsic needs through visible symbols such as titles and nice physical conditions; intrinsic esteem needs through assigning challenging tasks or providing opportunities for accomplishment. The correct answer is B.

Maslow introduced five types of needs: psychological needs; safety needs; social needs; esteem needs; and self-actualization needs. The needs are in sequence. As one level of needs are satisfied, they are no longer effective and the next level of needs become activated. The correct answer is D.

The glass ceiling is one of the most discussed terms for organizational challenge regarding women’s promotion to top administrative positions. It indicates an invisible barrier for upward mobility of women and other ethnic, religious, or gender minorities in an organization. The correct answer is C.

Depending on the organizationals goals, if managed and coordinated successfully a diversified work place, a group, or a work team has advantages such as:

• An enriched work environment,

• Promotion of equality,

• Employees feeling more valued,

• More effective customer relations,

• More efficient problem solving,

•More creative and innovative processes which require out of the box thinking, and

• Reduced costs associated with high turnover and lawsuits.

The correct answer is A.