BUSİNESS INFORMATİON SYSTEMS - Deneme Sınavı - 8

These properties of system can be listed as follows:

• Every system has a specific purpose. The purpose underlines the fact that system has at least one function.

• System has more than one component (part, element)

• There is a relationship and interaction between the components forming the system

• Components form a whole. Here, whole is not used in the meaning of “monolith” or “uniform” but in the meaning of “formation” which fulfills a specific function with the help of the components.

System is a collection of conceptual or physical components that are brought together to reach one or more specific purpose or conclusion. The boundary of system must firstly be set to be able to determine the system. Everything stays out of the system constitutes the environment of system. The system boundary is a field separating the system from its environment. Another concept related with the system is system interface. It is defined as the area separating the boundaries of two systems. System interface is the platform that an output of a system is transported to another system or the point of contact which system components connect with the environment or each other.

The system which has not got any interaction with its environment or other systems in the environment is termed as closed system.

Inflows to the open system from environment or elements exported during interaction with environment are named input. In contrast, outflows from open system to the environment or imported elements are termed output.

Businesses are open systems which have input, process and output operations.

Feedback is transmission of data about system performance to the system.

Hardware resources, software resources, data resources, network resources and people resources are the fundamental components of the information system.

Humans are capable of wisdom in which they put knowledge, experience and analytical skills to work and create new knowledge and adapt himself/herself to changing situations. To date, no computer system has attained the properties of wisdom. Wisdom is more difficult to define, but it refers to the ability to learn from experience and adapt to changing conditions. Data, information and knowledge are impersonal concepts unlike wisdom. Wisdom deals with individual’s values, intuitions, understanding, interpretations and judgments.

Features of management information systems are as follows:

• They are not interested in daily operations.

• Even though they provide easy and timely access to all managers from operational, tactical and strategic level, they especially serve to managers from tactical level.

• Generally, they produce reports oriented to support structural decisions.

• They are partially flexible and may be adapted to changes in the information requirements of the business.

• They use the data produced by transaction processing systems.

• Because they may benefit the data from multiple transaction processing systems, they use integrated database and support the variety of functional fields.

A decision support system has five fundamental components listed below:

• Data management subsystem

• Model management subsystem

• Dialog management subsystem

• Knowledge (know-how) management subsystem

• Decision maker

Operational management consists the lower level managers who are responsible of the execution of daily routines and business processes. In order to carry out the tactical level decisions, it involves the effective and efficient executions of required tasks. In this sense, these are decisions in which medium level tactical decisions are elaborated and transformed into short term plans. For example, converting 6-month medium plan into one month plans, determining stock reorder times and amounts, assigning the jobs to employees etc. are operational decisions. Because all information about the factors related with decision problems at this level can be obtained, decisions are made in deterministic environment.

Knowledge is classified as tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge based on the attribute.

Knowledge is examined under two subtitles according to its source: Outsourced and internal sourced knowledge.

The physical parts of computing devices are referred to as hardware. The user can see and touch hardware. The examples of hardware are Computers (laptop, desktop, tablet), Mobile phones, Hand terminals, Storage devices (hard disk, flash disk), Input devices (keyboard, mouse, optical scanner), Output devices (printers, speakers), Video monitor.

The smallest element of data is called a bit, a group of eight bits is called a byte.

Webcam, barcode reader, microphone, scanners, and sensors (e.g. heat or humidity) are the examples of input devices. Headphone, projector, speaker, printer, monitor are the examples of output devices.

Basic Input Output System (BIOS) is a software stored on a small memory chip on the motherboard thus it is part of the motherboard hardware. BIOS instructs the computer on how to perform booting and keyboard control.

System software is written in a low-level programming language (e.g., C and C++), which is close to machine language. System software performs tasks that are close to the computer hardware. In a sense, system software manages the hardware resources and operations of a computer system. On the other hand, application software is written in the high-level programming langue, which is close to the natural langue. Operating system is a sort of system software that runs on the top of the hardware. All application programs run on top of the operating system. Apart from the operating system, examples of system software include device drivers, firmware, and utility software.

Business Intelligence (BI) software extracts important data from an organization’s raw data in order to infer insights to help a business make faster and more accurate decisions.

An operating system (OS) is a system software that operates the computer hardware. The main purpose of an OS is to provide basic functionality needed by users so that users can run programs in a convenient and efficient manner. An operating system must be installed on a computer at the bare minimum. All the other applications of software run on the top of the OS; thus, they require an OS to function. That’s why personal computers are usually sold with an OS installed on them.

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google Inc., based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

Nominal scales are used for labelling variables. Some examples of nominal data: gender (male, female), traffic light colors (red, yellow, green), blood type (0, A, B, AB). In ordinal data, the order of labels is known and important.

The hierarchical relationship between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom (DIKW) can be represented in a pyramid, in which data are placed at the bottom whereas wisdom is placed at the top. As we go from bottom to top of the DIKW pyramid, magnitude decreases while understanding increases. There is plenty of raw data, but wisdom is limited. Thus, wisdom is the pinnacle of the pyramid.