BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER

Over the past three decades, some eminent IR scholars such as Robert O. Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel have put forward that states, major actors for the international relations since the Westphalia Peace Treaty of 1648, have lost their autonomy in a globalizing world. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Anne-Marie Slaughter (1997), too, believes that the world order is not the one that has long been depicted by the proponents of state-centric paradigm. Slaughter (1997: 183) draws attention to the failure of the international order based on the nation-states and the intergovernmental organizations and asserts that the routine proclamations of new world order by world leaders are in fact illusions since such attempts have for the most part referred to a system that relies on the proper functioning of nation-states. She argues that an international political order solely based on nation-states and intergovernmental organizations needs a central authority that is to be charged with regulating the conduct of world politics is a chimera. Thus, the correct answer is A

Global governance is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors (states, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, etc.), aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region. Thus, the correct answer is C

The INGOs have been successful in a number of endeavors and initiatives, particularly when they deal with a normative issue. However, their influence and success are not limited to such issues as human rights and environmental issues; they have also been successful in what could be regarded as issues of high politics, including the international security. Additionally, the INGOs have been active in not only developed and democratic countries but also in non-democratic and repressive ones. Their contribution to the construction of a more democratic way and just world is acknowledged in both academic and government circles. Thus, the correct answer is D

General conviction in the literature suggests that the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the bipolar world order created greater opportunities for the INGOs for several reasons. First, in the absence of constant friction between two major poles in world politics, the players of international politics had more incentives towards international cooperation in favor of humanitarian action rather than interstate rivalries. Second, recognition of global and regional problems by the international community amplified the significance of the role that the INGOs may play to address these problems. Multilateral processes were thus viewed as proper avenues for the INGO involvement. Their growing presence in the UN-led initiatives was a direct result of this tendency. Third, the INGOs were able to exercise greater influence because of the inherent advantage associated with their features and characteristics. The INGOs may, by virtue of their small size and flexible administration, easily adapt themselves to the changing circumstances and avoid complex procedures mostly peculiar to bureaucracies of national governments. In addition, the INGOs have a specialized focus, enabling them to concentrate their resources on a single issue without any distraction. Thus, the correct answer is B.

The UN, centerpiece of global governance, offers a limited legal status in form of accreditation for the INGOs. Some prerequisites for admission into this status, albeit not formally identified, might be underlined. In this respect, Peter Willetts (2001), an eminent scholar studying civil society actors, provides at least fifth principles in order for an INGO to qualify for the definition of the UN. First, an INGO needs to work in furtherance of the goals and objectives of the UN. Second, an INGO should allow fair representation by members, establish a headquarters, and employ officers. Third, an INGO should be a non-profit organization without engaging in business or corporate activities. Fourth, an INGO should declare it will not rely on any violent measure whatsoever to pursue its goals. Fifth, an INGO should not act in a way that could be interpreted as an interference with the internal affairs of states. Thus, the correct answer is E.

The term of office for 19 members of the Committee in the ECOSOC is four years. The correct answer is D.

The Committee’s decisions are considered recommendations without having a legally binding effect, in the form of draft decisions calling for action by the Council. These recommendations are reflected in Part I of the Committee’s reports. Once an application from an INGO has been reviewed and approved by the Committee it is only considered a recommendation for consultative status. At its next meeting, the Economic and Social Council reviews these recommendations by the Committee takes Committee’s report into account and makes its final decisions. Therefore, an INGO is granted a consultative status only after the Committee’s recommendation becomes a formal ECOSOC decision. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Only INGOs recognized a participatory status with the Council is allowed to take part in the Conference of INGOs. Delegates from these INGOs make up the Conference whereas delegates from national NGOs associated with the Council under a framework of the partnership may be invited to the Conference sessions in a consultative capacity. The Conference has a Bureau and a Standing Committee and is chaired by the President elected by the plenary meeting. The Conference further decides on the establishment of thematic committees and determines their number as well as titles, and of Expert Councils, along with their terms of reference and duration. Thus, the correct answer is B.

The Commission, in a discussion paper of 2000, acknowledges the role of the NGOs in enhancing the quality of participatory democracy. The NGOs are seen as key partners in efforts to improve democracy within the EU and to promote democratization in candidate countries as well as developing nations. For this reason, the Commission considers a partnership with local NGOs as a fundamental priority. The paper further elaborates on the areas in which the NGOs could make a genuine contribution. To this end, it cites the NGOs as representing the views of specific groups of citizens to the European institutions. Thus, the correct answer is C.