BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER

Constructivists  believe that there is  anarchy in the international system.

For diffusion to take place 
i. A stimulus
ii. An organization to be taken as a model
iii. An issue or a problem
v. Various actors and instruments   are necessary.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways affecting democratization? 89

b. Use of coersion
c. Contagion
d. Convergence
e. Conditionality are affecting democratization.

so cooperation is the correct answer.

Regions and regional governance structures have emerged as new actors in international politics especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Regionalism: Political will to create a formal arrangement among states on a geographically restricted basis. Since its main participants are governments, it can be expressed as an artificial, top-down process. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The second wave of regionalism started after the end of the Cold War. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, the spread of the liberal ideology resulted in the emergence of a new world order (or disorder). Since the 1990’s new organizations were established. In addition, some organizations that had been established during the Cold War changed their names and structures in order to be able to adapt themselves to the changing circumstances. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The third type of regional organizations can be security organizations. States would come together to protect themselves either from the perceived regional or outside enemies. If there is an actor in the region which countries regard as enemy, threat, or risk, they would form an organization. The other possibility is the existence of an external enemy. If there is a country or actor outside of the region that is perceived to threaten regional countries, it might also push states to initiate an organization. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Old Regionalism A type of regionalism in which states play the most important role. According to this approach, regions are considered to be fixed structures. Therefore, the correct option is D.

New Regionalism According to this approach, Multiple actors, like states, business communities and NGO’s play the fundamental role in the establishment of regions. Regions are considered as not fixed, but constructed entities. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Constructivists argue that regions do not emerge themselves but they are constructed. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Regional Identity If there are common values, norms and beliefs in a region linking people together, then we can consider the existence of regional identity. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In the closed regionalism, regional organizations try to protect themselves from the competition stemming from outside. However, in the open regionalism, organizations are open to gobal competition. Therefore, the correct option is B.

According to the functional theory, functional needs of actors lead to the establishment of international organizations. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The second wave of regionalism started after the end of the Cold War; therefore, the information given in IV is not true.

The correct choice is D (I, II, III, and V).

Regional organizations are not classified based on their military powers.

The correct choice is E.

Regional organizations are not established to impose sanctions.

The correct choice is D.

In the old regionalism approach states are supposed to play the biggest role in the regional formations. It is the states, their leaders and their actions that determined the regional structures.

The correct choice is B.

In closed regionalism, regional organizations try to protect themselves from the competition stemming from outside. However, in the open regionalism, organizations are open to global competition.

The correct choice is C.

The existence or perceptions of threats can be another factor for regional organizations. If there is an actor within or outside the region, that threatens or is perceived to threaten regional states, it might be an important reason bringing states together under the umbrella of a regional organization. The perceived socialist threat became the major factor for the formation of NATO. The perceived German threat was important for the formation of both NATO and the EU because it was believed that German nationalism could only be weakened by engaging with Germany.

The correct choice is B.

Integration might involve two characteristics: pooling and delegation. The concept of pooling is related to the decision-making mechanism within the organization. 

In the case of pooling, member states decide by qualified majority voting. In the case of delegation, the decision making authority is transferred to regional organization.

The correct answer is B.