BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER

Individual level of analysis focuses on analyzing the values, norms, beliefs and mindset of decision makers.

The concept of “security community” was developed by Karl Deutsch. (Deutsch, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 1957) If societies have high level of economic transactions, increasing social ties, high human mobility, it does have repercussions in their security approached toward each other. He argues that through increasing communication and transaction among societies they could establish a security community in which they develop peaceful relations.

Constructivism argues that international organizations are important global actors like states, business communities and NGO’s. Based on their belief systems, values and norms, states would establish international institutions. If they have appropriate identities, states can cooperate or even integrate with each other through regional/ international organizations. European Union, The Council of Europe, Mercosur, ASEAN are examples of how states can cooperate effectively through organizations.

There are two waves of regionalism in the
modern times. The radical changes in the global
system led to an attempt by the nation states
to create new organizations. The first wave of
regionalism started after the end of the Second
World War. New regional organizations were
established in order to cope with the political,
economic and security challenges of the postwar era. NATO, Warsaw Pact and the European
Coal and Steel Community can be considered as
examples of these organizations.

In the closed regionalism, regional
organizations try to protect themselves
from the competition stemming from
outside. However, in the open regionalism,
organizations are open to gobal
competition.

There are different types of categorizations of
regional organizations. First of all, they can be
classified according to their aims. Why were they
established? What were the aims of founders?
Which functions do they try to fulfill? What does
the founding charter/agreement state about the
fundamental objectives of the organization?

The second driver of regional economic
organizations is the aim of protecting themselves
from the economic competition of other regional
blocs in a much better way. The existing regional
blocs could encourage the formation of new
economic organizations in other regions. Since
other countries could not enjoy trade advantages
in the existing regional blocs, they might prefer to
form their own organization. For example, NAFTA (NAFTA member states: USA, Canada and Mexico) was established as a response to the European
Union.

First of all, they emphasize the importance of the
factor of power relations. In some regions there can
be a great power that would play a great role in
the formation and functioning of the organization.
Sometimes these great powers could also pay most
of the budget of the organization. As an example,
the position of Brazil in Mercosur and of Germany
in the European Union can be given.

Not only identities but also ideologies can
play an important role for regionalism. Ideologies
were much more important during the Cold
War, however, they still play a certain role in the
contemporary world. The liberal ideology was
important for the establishment of NATO and
the EU, whereas socialist ideology became the
founding stone of the Warsaw Pact organization.
Likewise, the ideology of Pan-Arabism affected the
formation of the Arab League, while the ideology
of pan-Africanism played an important role in
the establishtment of the Organization of African
Unity. (Karns, Mingst and Stiles, International
Organizations, 2015, p. 165)

Deutsch differentiates between two types of
security community: pluralist security community
and amalgamated security community. In the
former, states cooperate in their security ties. In the
second, they establih their security policies together.
(Deutsch, Political Community and the North
Atlantic Area, 1957)

According to the functional theory,
functional needs of actors lead to
the establishment of international
organizations.

The basic assumptions of
constructivism can be summed up as follows: Like
realists they also believe that there is an anarchy
in the internatonal system, however, despite
the existence of anarchy, cooperation or even
integration among states is possible.

Diffusion
Affect of an organization on institutional
structure or decision making mechanism of
another organization.

Regionalism is a (İ) top-down process and   iii. Artificial process and 
v. Governments are main participants.

The types of regional organizations are; 
i. Political organizations ii. economic organizations iii. Security organizations

The classification of the regional organizations are based on
i. The aim of the organization ii. the bureaucratic structures

At the new regionalism, 

ii. Regions are considered to be constructed entities and

iv. Multiple actors play the fundamental role

Delegation and pooling are different in terms of  decision making strategy.

Both functionalism and neofunctionalism? 85

i. Focus on spillover of cooperation and
ii.  Spillover is directed from non -political issues to political issues

Liberal intergovernmentalism believes in the possibility of supranationalism.