BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER

Regionalism has three displays in the UN system: regional economic commissions (linked to the Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC), regional electoral groupings (linked to the General Assembly and the Security Council), and cooperation with the regional arrangements
or agencies. All three statements are correct.

There were three changes made at the San Francisco Conference regarding the regional groupings or agencies. First, a provision stressing the desirability of using regional arrangements and agencies for the peaceful settlement was inserted. Second, the requirement of Security Council authorization for enforcement action under regional arrangement were waived in the case of measures taken against an enemy state under Article 107 of the Charter or under “regional arrangements directed against the renewal of aggressive policy” by any such state. Third, by the terms of Article 51 of the Charter, “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations” was safeguarded. All three statements are correct.

Latin American and Middle Eastern states had concluded treaties in 1930s creating regional arrangements by the Act of Chapultepec and the Arab League respectively. yalta Conference included European nations.

“The Securty Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council...” It's how it says according to Article 53/1. Correct answer is A.

(a) To expand consultation and cooperation between the United Nations and regional and subregional organizations through formalized agreements between the respective secretariats and, as appropriate, involvement of regional organizations in the work of the Security Council;
(b) To ensure that regional organizations that have a capacity for the prevention of armed conflict or peacekeeping consider the option of placing such capacity in the framework of the United Nations Standby Arrangements System;
(c) To strengthen cooperation in the economic, social and cultural fields.

There are also a few states that did not belong to any group. South Africa was accepted into the GAFS after the apartheid regime ended.

Although there are some small differences, principal functions and purposes of the commissions are as follows:

-to initiate and participate in measures for facilitating regional economic development,

- raise the level of economic activity in the
respective region,

- maintain and strengthen economic relationships among the states of the region and with other states,

- to investigate and study economic and technological problems and developments,

- to collect, evaluate and disseminate economic, technological and statistical information

Benin, Mali, Senegal and Liberia are members of ECOWAS and they were present in the commision in Liberia. Angola is not a member. The correct answer is E.

Peacekeeping operations involving military troops were started by the UN’s General Assembly in 1956 and taken over by the Security Council later. Regional organizations’ participation came much later in 1990s. There is a growing cooperation between the UN and regional organizations since then, but it is still a new phenomenon, and the peacekeeping operation in Syria is called UNDOF.

All regional commissions support the regional cooperation in different areas, but there are differences in terms of intensity and the direction of this support. ECLAC has proved to be the most effective of the commissions. It was established in 1948 and developed the ‘Latin American structuralism’ theory as an answer to the region’s need of economic development and social growth.

Peacekeeping, humanitarian affairs, economic and social development, and protection of human rights are major cooperation areas.

The UN Charter recognized regionalism explicitly by devoting its Chapter VIII to the provisions governing the relationship between the regional arrangements and agencies and the UN with the aim of maintaining international peace and security.

Regional systems were vindicated in two respects: collective resort to the right of self-defence in case of an armed attack, and priority of regional arrangements in the peaceful settlement of disputes (Art. 52/2).

Even if a certain organization were founded as anArticle51self-defence organization,it is accepted that they may implement the Security Council’s decisions adopted according to the of Chapter VIII. For this, one of its main tasks stipulated in its founding treaty must be keeping peace and security in its region, but this goal does not have to be its essential task.

The regional organizations support UN activities by providing information, collaborating in the implementation of programmes and projects, organize conferences, and develop policies.

Tese ve regional groups are Africa (GAFS), Asia-Paci c (GASS), Eastern Europe (EEC), Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC), Western Europe and Other States (WEOG).

The Republic of Cyprus, an EU member, is in the GASS.

The World Bank Group adopts a categorization comprised of six regions.

-  Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), established in 1947, Geneva;

-  Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Paci c (ESCAP), established in 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East and renamed in 1974, Bangkok,

-  Economic Commission For Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),established in 1948, Santiago,

- Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), established in 1958, Addis Ababa,

- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), which replaced the former UN Economic and Social O ce in Beirut in 1973, Baghdad.

For the legal basis of the peacekeeping operations, there are two arguments: Chapter VI (peaceful solution of international disputes), and as an unwritten amendment of the Charter, Chapter VI,5.