BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States. The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States.

BRICS is a good example in this regard. Although a number of them are neighbours, five States (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) from different continents with different economic characteristics are now championing free global trade and even arguably aiming in the long run to replace global trade institutions such as the IMF and World Bank.

Best known and most quoted theories of international politics are realism and liberalism (idealism, rationalism). There are also a wide range of theories that oppose these two, which are usually referred to as critical theories/approaches, such as Marxism, feminism, constructivism and so on. All of these general theories of international relations are also adjusted to international and regional organizations.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital. Regional organizations in particular are established to foster common interests and thus realise the win-win principle.

Plenary assemble is the sole body that contains the governmental representatives of all member States. It is usually equipped with general powers and authorities regarding the structure and operation of the organization. It approves the budget, admits new members, amends the statute and so on.

There are organizations which are open to the membership of any “country” or even “territory”, provided that other criteria are met. These are usually “technical” organizations which claim that they simply want to take on board as much relevant party as possible and function thoroughly.

Five out of eleven founding members of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation are not coastal States.

Any State “having Muslim majority” may apply for the membership of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation which now has 57 members from all over the world and is effectively open to States “having Muslim population.

The host State which remains the sovereign of the relevant field in question in principle allocates and devotes it to the use of the organization and accepts to supply and ensure all infrastructural means, as well as the security thereof.

International organizations are institutional, legal, and political entities established by the main subjects and actors of international relations, States, at regional or global levels. They are, therefore, also referred to as inter-governmental organizations or international governmental organizations. Therefore, the correct option is C.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. These include the basic aims, purposes, goals and principles of the organization, the membership criteria, the main bodies/organs and their powers, as well as the decision-making and voting procedures. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Possessing an international legal personality, first and foremost, means having rights, powers and obligations within international legal realm. Organizations are not only subject to all relevant sorts of international responsibilities, they also have the capacity and capability to create legal rules. However their personality, especially compared to States which are sovereign actors and subjects, is a limited one. They can only act and function within the framework of their statutes. They cannot use powers exceeding the limits drawn therein. The exact scope of this functional and limited personality, however, is interpreted differently in the literature. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Although possessing an international legal personality is crucial for organizations to take part in international politics, the opposite is not necessarily true. Indeed, there are regular “summit” meetings or entities that do not hold a legal personality and yet are quite influential in international politics. The G-7/8 is indeed one of the most active and effective decision making and standard-setting global actor although it does not possess a legal personality. Therefore, the correct option is D.

NATO and Warsaw Pact are the most known examples of such collective self-defence organizations which characterised the Cold War. Meanwhile, it must be particularly emphasised that such regional organizations are not established solely for military objectives visà-vis third (group of) States. They have a very strong socio-economic-political aspect as well. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Realism argue that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security. They, as the main if not the sole actor of international relations, simply want to maximise their interests and survive in a world of homo homini lupus. As this cannot be ensured individually particularly in certain regions, States do and should be part of institutional military alliances against common enemies. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital. Regional organizations in particular are established to foster common interests and thus realise the win-win principle. Therefore, the correct option is A.

In the voting model, each member casts its vote on a draft resolution and the decision is deemed to be taken if the affirmative votes exceed a certain number or ratio. In simple majority, the affirmative vote requirement is more than half of all votes cast. In qualified majority, affirmative votes should be more than half of the votes cast. Finally unanimity, contrary to the general understanding, does not require affirmative votes of all members but simply seeks that no single negative vote is cast. So absences or abstentions are ignored which in turn means that members that do not effectively want to block (“veto”) a resolution may well prefer either not participating the voting or being present but casting a blank vote. The main weakness of this model is the fact that it has the potential to concretise and crystallise the diversity of views among its members. Therefore, the correct option is D.