BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER - Deneme Sınavı - 8

RDB usually refers to four institutions: African Development Bank (AfDB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

At the ADB, the United States is tied with Japan for the largest financial commitment. At the AfDB, the United States is the second largest shareholder after Nigeria. Among regional members, China and India are large contributors to the ADB; Egypt and South Africa are large contributors to the AfDB; Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela are large contributors to the IDB; and Russia is a large contributor to the EBRD.

At the ADB, the United States is tied with Japan for the largest financial commitment. At the AfDB, the United States is the second largest shareholder after Nigeria. Among regional members, China and India are large contributors to the ADB; Egypt and South Africa are large contributors to the AfDB; Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela are large contributors to the IDB; and Russia is a large contributor to the EBRD.

The ADB headquarters is located in Philippines, with 29 country offices and representative offices in Tokyo, Frankfurt, and Washington, D.C. The AfDB headquarters is located in Côte d’Ivoire; but temporarily relocated in Tunisia due to political unrest in Côte d’Ivoire.

The MDBs and their shareholders, some of the key actors in the global development effort, take pride in the colossal progress that has been made.

Integrating developing countries into the international financial architecture requires coping with four issues: First issue: developing countries have to perform a number of tasks in order to stabilize their economies, like exerting discipline on their fiscal and monetary policies, enhancing their financial systems and diversifying exports via trade liberalization; Second issue: executing the second generation reforms to provide an institutional setting suitable for a modern economy, such as protecting the rule of law, assisting the progress of creating property rights and making sure they are properly carried into effect, providing transparency in economic and political activities, improving financial regulation and monitoring/supervision, reinforcing banks and similar structural reforms; Third issue: countries where the above-mentioned tasks have already been achieved or advanced to a large extent will need to defeat the resistance of markets in financing developing countries on a continual basis; Fourth issue: despite the fact that carrying out the above-mentioned tasks would considerably reduce the risk of financial crisis, it may not help eliminate it completely.

Cold War

Non-State Actors (NSA)

Unit of analysis

INGOs should be a political party or follow any party politics at national or
international levels.

47

70

low politics

There are different NSAs such as Trans-national or Multinational Corporation (TNC, MNC), Non-governmental Organization (NGO), terrorist group and organizations, international criminal groups, media, etc.

State-centrism is a key concept in discussions of sovereignty, justice, and the global political order and of changes within that order.

The INGOs have been successful in a number of endeavors and initiatives, particularly when they deal with a normative issue. However, their influence and success are not limited to such issues as human rights and environmental issues; they have also been successful in what could be regarded as issues of high politics, including the international security. Additionally, the INGOs, although originated in the West, have become a global component of international policy-making, so they have been active in not only developed and democratic countries but also in non-democratic and repressive ones.

The concept of high politics covers all matters that are vital to the very survival of the state: namely national and international security concerns. On the term low politics covers other issues such as economics, social, environmental, and so forth.

Peter Willetts (2001), an eminent scholar studying civil society actors, provides at least fifth principles in order for an INGO to qualify for the definition of the UN. First, an INGO needs to work in furtherance of the goals and objectives of the UN. Second, an INGO should allow fair representation by members, establish a headquarters, and employ officers. Third, an INGO should be a non-profit organization without engaging in business or corporate activities. Fourth, an INGO should declare it will not rely on any violent measure whatsoever to pursue its goals. Fifth, an INGO should not act in a way that could be interpreted as an interference with the internal affairs of states.

The Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations a standing committee of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) that was established by the Council in 1946, is responsible for matters concerning the admission and accreditation of the NGOs.

To ensure fair representation, 19 members of the Committee in the ECOSOC are elected on the basis of the following scheme: • 5 members from the African States; • 4 members from the Asian States; • 2 members from the Eastern European States; • 4 members from the Latin American and Caribbean States; and • 4 members from the Western European and other States.