BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER - Deneme Sınavı - 16

‘Democratic deficit’ is a term used by people who argue that the EU institutions and their decision-making procedures suffer from a lack of democracy and seem inaccessible to the ordinary citizen due to their complexity. The real EU democratic deficit seems to be the absence of European politics. EU voters do not feel that they have an effective way to reject a ‘government’, they do not like, and to change, in some ways, the course of politics and policy.

-  Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), established in 1947, Geneva;

-  Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Paci c (ESCAP), established in 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East and renamed in 1974, Bangkok,

-  Economic Commission For Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),established in 1948, Santiago,

- Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), established in 1958, Addis Ababa,

- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), which replaced the former UN Economic and Social O ce in Beirut in 1973, Baghdad.

Global governance is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors (states, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, etc.), aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region.

The concept of high politics covers all matters that are vital to the very survival of the state: namely national and international security concerns

Customarily in the IR literature, the NGOs are considered part of what is called non-state segment of international players.

The UN, centerpiece of global governance, offers a limited legal status in form of accreditation for the INGOs. Some prerequisites for admission into this status, albeit not formally identified, might be underlined. In this respect, Peter Willetts (2001), an eminent scholar studying civil society actors, provides at least fifth principles in order for an INGO to qualify for the definition of the UN. First, an INGO needs to work in furtherance of the goals and objectives of the UN. Second, an INGO should allow fair representation by members, establish a headquarters, and employ officers. Third, an INGO should be a non-profit organization without engaging in business or corporate activities. Fourth, an INGO should declare it will not rely on any violent measure whatsoever to pursue its goals. Fifth, an INGO should not act in a way that could be interpreted as an interference with the internal affairs of states.

Under Article 70 of the UN Charter, the NGOs are recognized the following status: “The Economic and Social Council may make arrangements for representatives of the specialized agencies to participate, without vote, in its deliberations and in those of the commissions established by it, and for its representatives to participate in the deliberations of the specialized agencies.”

Participatory democracy is a process of collective decision making that combines elements from both direct and representative democracy: Citizens have the power to decide on policy proposals and politicians assume the role of policy implementation.

‘Democratic deficit’ is a term used by people who argue that the EU institutions and their decisionmaking procedures suffer from a lack of democracy and seem inaccessible to the ordinary citizen due to their complexity. The real EU democratic deficit seems to be the absence of European politics. EU voters do not feel that they have an effective way to reject a ‘government’, they do not like, and to change, in some ways, the course of politics and policy

General conviction in the literature suggests that the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the bipolar world order created greater opportunities for the INGOs for several reasons. First, in the absence of constant friction between two major poles in world politics, the players of international politics had more incentives towards international cooperation in favor of humanitarian action rather than interstate rivalries. Second, recognition of global and regional problems by the international community amplified the significance of the role that the INGOs may play to address these problems. Multilateral processes were thus viewed as proper avenues for the INGO involvement. Their growing presence in the UN-led initiatives was a direct result of this tendency. Third, the INGOs were able to exercise greater influence because of the inherent advantage associated with their features and characteristics. The INGOs may, by virtue of their small size and flexible administration, easily adapt themselves to the changing circumstances and avoid complex procedures mostly peculiar to bureaucracies of national governments.

Participatory status is a status for international NGOs that are represented at European level.

The UN, centerpiece of global governance, offers a limited legal status in form of accreditation for the INGOs. Some prerequisites for admission into this status, albeit not formally identified, might be underlined. In this respect, Peter Willetts (2001), an eminent scholar studying civil society actors, provides at least fifth principles in order for an INGO to qualify for the definition of the UN. First, an INGO needs to work in furtherance of the goals and objectives of the UN. Second, an INGO should allow fair representation by members, establish a headquarters, and employ officers. Third, an INGO should be a non-profit organization without engaging in business or corporate activities. Fourth, an INGO should declare it will not rely on any violent measure whatsoever to pursue its goals. Fifth, an INGO should not act in a way that could be interpreted as an interference with the internal affairs of states. Even this set of principles fall short to offer an overall definition of an NGO which is inherently diverse and vague. Some INGOs proclaim a broad mandate whereas others may confine themselves to a specific agenda and cause. While some maintain a presence in a vast geography, some others may prefer remaining local or regional. It all depends on how an INGO identifies itself, its orientation and its goals. Naturally, their audience, the type of problems they are addressing, their constituency as well as opportunities they are able to enjoy all have to impact upon the kind of INGO that emerges.For instance, the INGOs are more concerned about how to make a contribution to the making of international law whereas national or regional NGOs are often focused on local political issues. Likewise, third world NGOs may employ domestic government whereas NGOs in developed countries have a strict code by which they prohibit admission of members with government connections. Additionally, while most third world NGOs are dedicated to the resolution of the economic problems and pay greater attention to humanitarian issues, the NGOs in the developed world are more focused on civil and political rights, and, for instance, committed to fair trial. These NGOs address problems pertinent to a violation of fundamental human rights rather than the betterment of a certain community or group and believe “in a pluralist society functioning within a framework of rules impartially applied to protect individuals against state interference” (Steiner, 1981: 15-16). It should be noted that lack of governmental support for their activities and the huge diversity in terms of their orientation and structure does not necessarily mean that INGOs are weak or ineffective. To the contrary, thanks to their diverse nature and flexibility, the INGOs are better able to address normative issues including human rights violations and environmental degradation. Similarly, their independent and private status enables the INGOs to act free of political oversight by the state. More importantly, because they do not have to consider the possible impact of their action upon a certain foreign policy design, the NGOs are often able to concentrate on a certain agenda. The proceeding sections dwell upon the role of INGOs in the international and regional organizations.

European Union aims at forming a binding authority over their member states in economic and political realms, while the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) suggests non-interference in domestic affairs of its member states.

European Union, is a regional organization which consists of 28 European states that aims at implementing a common economic, social, and security policies. Originally created in western Europe, the EU expanded towards central and eastern Europe following the end of the Cold War.

A year after Schuman’s proposal, European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established to integrate the coal and steel sectors in Western Europe following the World War 2. The founding treaty of ECSC, Paris Treaty was signed on 18th of April, 1951 and came to force in 1952. The founding members were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.

The Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) was created through 1960 dated Montevideo Treaty, signed by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. The founders aimed at forming a common market in Latin America and proposed tariff reductions among the member states. It came into effect in 1962 whose main goal was to remove all duties and restrictions on trading activities between each other in 12 years. However, the agreement has important restrictions. For instance, it only includes the goods but not the services. On the other hand, it does not suggest coordination of policies. When compared to the European Union, economic and political integration was limited. In 1970, LAFTA included four other Latin American nations which are Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela.

Andean Community is a trade bloc which aims at forming a customs union among the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. By 2018, the Community has approximately 110 million of population in 3,809,100 square kilometers with a combined GDP (sum of GDP’s of all members) of USD 608 billion USD.

European Union, is a regional organization  which consists of 28 European states that aims at implementing a common economic, social, and security policies. Originally created in western Europe, the EU expanded towards central and eastern Europe following the end of the Cold War. Doğru yanıt " E " dir.

The Single European Act (SEA) was signed in 1986 and came into effect in the following year. SEA amended and opened the way for completing the single market. Doğru yanıt " D " dir.

The European parliament consists of 751 members including a president and 750 members from 28 member states. The members are elected by direct votes of people who are citizens of the EU’s member states. Doğru yanıt " C " dir.