BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER - Deneme Sınavı - 6

The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. These include the basic aims, purposes, goals and principles of the organization, the membership criteria, the main bodies/organs and their powers, as well as the decision-making and voting procedures. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Possessing an international legal personality, first and foremost, means having rights, powers and obligations within international legal realm. Organizations are not only subject to all relevant sorts of international responsibilities, they also have the capacity and capability to create legal rules. However their personality, especially compared to States which are sovereign actors and subjects, is a limited one. They can only act and function within the framework of their statutes. They cannot use powers exceeding the limits drawn therein. The exact scope of this functional and limited personality, however, is interpreted differently in the literature. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Although possessing an international legal personality is crucial for organizations to take part in international politics, the opposite is not necessarily true. Indeed, there are regular “summit” meetings or entities that do not hold a legal personality and yet are quite influential in international politics. The G-7/8 is indeed one of the most active and effective decision making and standard-setting global actor although it does not possess a legal personality. Therefore, the correct option is D.

NATO and Warsaw Pact are the most known examples of such collective self-defence organizations which characterised the Cold War. Meanwhile, it must be particularly emphasised that such regional organizations are not established solely for military objectives visà-vis third (group of) States. They have a very strong socio-economic-political aspect as well. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Realism argue that organizations are a result of States’ seek of security. They, as the main if not the sole actor of international relations, simply want to maximise their interests and survive in a world of homo homini lupus. As this cannot be ensured individually particularly in certain regions, States do and should be part of institutional military alliances against common enemies. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Liberals (idealists, rationalists) think differently. They suggest that States are not (potential) enemies but (potential) partners, as they basically stand for providing welfare and peace to their respective citizens. It then means that cooperation especially in between economically coherent States is vital. Regional organizations in particular are established to foster common interests and thus realise the win-win principle. Therefore, the correct option is A.

In the voting model, each member casts its vote on a draft resolution and the decision is deemed to be taken if the affirmative votes exceed a certain number or ratio. In simple majority, the affirmative vote requirement is more than half of all votes cast. In qualified majority, affirmative votes should be more than half of the votes cast. Finally unanimity, contrary to the general understanding, does not require affirmative votes of all members but simply seeks that no single negative vote is cast. So absences or abstentions are ignored which in turn means that members that do not effectively want to block (“veto”) a resolution may well prefer either not participating the voting or being present but casting a blank vote. The main weakness of this model is the fact that it has the potential to concretise and crystallise the diversity of views among its members. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Regions and regional governance structures have emerged as new actors in international politics especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Regionalism: Political will to create a formal arrangement among states on a geographically restricted basis. Since its main participants are governments, it can be expressed as an artificial, top-down process. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The second wave of regionalism started after the end of the Cold War. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, the spread of the liberal ideology resulted in the emergence of a new world order (or disorder). Since the 1990’s new organizations were established. In addition, some organizations that had been established during the Cold War changed their names and structures in order to be able to adapt themselves to the changing circumstances. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The third type of regional organizations can be security organizations. States would come together to protect themselves either from the perceived regional or outside enemies. If there is an actor in the region which countries regard as enemy, threat, or risk, they would form an organization. The other possibility is the existence of an external enemy. If there is a country or actor outside of the region that is perceived to threaten regional countries, it might also push states to initiate an organization. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Old Regionalism A type of regionalism in which states play the most important role. According to this approach, regions are considered to be fixed structures. Therefore, the correct option is D.

New Regionalism According to this approach, Multiple actors, like states, business communities and NGO’s play the fundamental role in the establishment of regions. Regions are considered as not fixed, but constructed entities. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Constructivists argue that regions do not emerge themselves but they are constructed. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Regional Identity If there are common values, norms and beliefs in a region linking people together, then we can consider the existence of regional identity. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In the closed regionalism, regional organizations try to protect themselves from the competition stemming from outside. However, in the open regionalism, organizations are open to gobal competition. Therefore, the correct option is B.

According to the functional theory, functional needs of actors lead to the establishment of international organizations. Therefore, the correct option is E.

International organizations are international legal persons which are established by an international agreement duly signed and put into effect by the governmental bodies of at least three States. The constituting documents, which are usually called statutes, accommodate provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the organization. These include the basic aims, purposes, goals and principles of the organization, the membership criteria, the main bodies/organs and their powers, as well as the decision-making and voting procedures. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All the provisions in the answer choices are among  the provisions regarding the main structure, features and working principles of the international organizations accommodated by the constituting documents, which are usually called statutes.

Organizations, with their own legally independent and permanent bodies and powers, differ from other international platforms, conferences and say summits. They are also distinguished from international regimes, which are in fact general mechanisms foreseen and consumed by a group of States for accomplishing various individual goals. International and regional organizations possess a legal personality, as well as being an autonomous political entity, and may well act on their own behalf despite the fact that their decisions and policies are shaped thanks to the votes of the member States. Possessing an international legal personality, first and foremost, means having rights, powers and obligations within international legal realm. Organizations are not only subject to all relevant sorts of international responsibilities, they also have the capacity and capability to create legal rules. However their personality, especially compared to States which are sovereign actors and subjects, is a limited one. As can be understood from the information given, all the answer choices include the characteristics of international organizations, so the correct answer is E.