BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER - Deneme Sınavı - 4

The purposes in each phase are designed according to a classical model that is based on Jacob Viner and Bela Balassa’s integration theories. The EU integration has passed all but the last phase : Harmonisation and unification of monetary, financial and social policies and the creation of supranational institutions.

In the late 1990s, the economic and monetary union (EMU) was established in fullfilment of an ambitious goal identified in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, and the first Euro notes and coins were introduced in 2002.

Since the 1990s, after the demise of the state-led developmental model based on import substitution, Latin American regionalism has pursued economic integration (in the case of MERCOSUR, a common market) across the continent in the age of new regionalism as an open and outwards-looking model of integration.

Regional governance is one layer of multi-layered global governance that rests above the national level and below the global level of governance.Regional governance is defined as ‘institutionalized modes of social coordination to produce binding rules and/or public goods and services in one or several issue-areas at the regional level’ (Börzel and Risse, 2016: 9).

Regional security governance has not functioned well at all in the Middle East. Neither the Arab League nor the GCC was effectual in countering both traditional and non-traditional security challenges facing the region. The commitments of member states remained largely on paper, which rendered their contribution to regional stability and peace rather negligible.

With regard to regional anti-corruption regimes, many regional organizations, including ECOWAS, the African Union and the Arab League, introduced anti-corruption conventions during the 2000s. Before that, however, OAS, the EU, OECD and CoE had already adopted similar anti-corruption conventions or treaties. Among these, OAS ‘was the first to adopt a binding treaty dedicated to anti-corruption’ (Lohaus, 2015: 159) with the signing of the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption.

The mission of NATO in Afghanistan between 2003 and 2014 was the longest in its history, and it demonstrates the complexity of tasks that regional organizations may assume in the post-September 11 era.

As Kahler (2017: 98) has argued, ‘Regional organizations possess additional advantages that are related to their specialized roles. They can mobilize local knowledge more effectively than their global peers, whether in development lending or peacekeeping. In part because of local knowledge and in part because of a policy mix closer to member preferences, regional organizations may benefit from greater legitimacy as well’.

The second wave of regionalism started after the end of the Cold War; therefore, the information given in IV is not true.

The correct choice is D (I, II, III, and V).

Regional organizations are not classified based on their military powers.

The correct choice is E.

Regional organizations are not established to impose sanctions.

The correct choice is D.

In the old regionalism approach states are supposed to play the biggest role in the regional formations. It is the states, their leaders and their actions that determined the regional structures.

The correct choice is B.

In closed regionalism, regional organizations try to protect themselves from the competition stemming from outside. However, in the open regionalism, organizations are open to global competition.

The correct choice is C.

The six factors that affect the type of regionalism are power relations, regional identity, ideologies, threat perceptions, political regime of regional states, and the structure of the international system.

The correct choice is E.

The existence or perceptions of threats can be another factor for regional organizations. If there is an actor within or outside the region, that threatens or is perceived to threaten regional states, it might be an important reason bringing states together under the umbrella of a regional organization. The perceived socialist threat became the major factor for the formation of NATO. The perceived German threat was important for the formation of both NATO and the EU because it was believed that German nationalism could only be weakened by engaging with Germany.

The correct choice is B.

Integration might involve two characteristics: pooling and delegation. The concept of pooling is related to the decision-making mechanism within the organization. 

In the case of pooling, member states decide by qualified majority voting. In the case of delegation, the decision making authority is transferred to regional organization.

The correct answer is B.

Most of the literature on integration concentrates on the case of the European since it is the only supranational organization. There are also examples of some other organizations who try to integrate in several fields in a limited way, EU is still the best example of how integration could be realized at the regional level.

The correct choice is D.

Functionalists would argue that experiencing the benefits of cooperation in technical and economic fields would lead to cooperation in security and political issues as well. They call it the spillover impact.

The correct choice is C.

Diffusion is the affect of an organization on institutional structure or decision-making mechanism of another organization.

The correct choice is E.

The United Nations was established in 1945.