BÖLGESEL ÖRGÜTLER - Deneme Sınavı - 12

The correct choice is D.

The correct choice is B.

Regions and regional governance structures have emerged as new actors in international politics especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Security organizations aim to protect member states from common risks and threats. Risks and threats can stem from inside or outside the region.

Old regionalism is a type of regionalism in which states play the most important role. According to this approach, regions are considered to be fixed structures.

Regional Identity

If there are common values, norms and beliefs in a region linking people together, then we can consider the existence of regional identity.

The leaders of the countries should be considered as well by studying the regional organizations. Without understanding the thoughts of Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, the European Coal and Steel Community cannot be explained. They played a pioneering role in the initiation of the European integration process. (Karns, Mingst and Stiles, International Organizations, 2015, pp. 167) Another example can be given from the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC) that was established in 1992. Without the leadership of the President Turgut Özal, BSEC would not have come into existence.

Authoritarian states do not want to take part in the regional integration efforts, because they do not want to share their sovereignty.

Individual level of analysis focuses on analyzing the values, norms, beliefs and mindset of decision makers.

The concept of “security community” was developed by Karl Deutsch. (Deutsch, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, 1957) If societies have high level of economic transactions, increasing social ties, high human mobility, it does have repercussions in their security approached toward each other. He argues that through increasing communication and transaction among societies they could establish a security community in which they develop peaceful relations.

Constructivism argues that international organizations are important global actors like states, business communities and NGO’s. Based on their belief systems, values and norms, states would establish international institutions. If they have appropriate identities, states can cooperate or even integrate with each other through regional/ international organizations. European Union, The Council of Europe, Mercosur, ASEAN are examples of how states can cooperate effectively through organizations.

Diffusion is the affect of an organization on institutional structure or decision making mechanism of another organization.

The United Nations (UN) is the new global organization for the maintenance of international peace and security founded in 1945 as the post- Second World War universal organization. It is characterized by its universal quality, and still the only general-purpose, universal international organization that exists.

Regionalism has three displays in the UN system: regional economic commissions (linked to the Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC), regional electoral groupings (linked to the General Assembly and the Security Council), and cooperation with the regional arrangements or agencies as envisaged at Chapter VIII with the aim of maintenance of international peace and security.

Although the idea of founding another universal political organization after the war has arisen early during the Second World War (1941), universal membership was decided only at 1944 Yalta Conference. Relations between the new universal political organization and other international organizations including the regional ones were discussed extensively during the founding conference gathered in San Francisco in 1945. The main focus of these discussions was their future role in the maintenance of international peace and security, the first aim of the UN stated in article 1 of the Charter.

Some organizations such as Organization of American States (OAS) and Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) are in the meaning of Chapter VIII. Arab League and former Organization of African Union were treated as regional organizations by the UN generally.

These five regional groups are Africa (GAFS), Asia-Pacific (GASS), Eastern Europe (EEC), Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC), Western Europe and Other States (WEOG). Although they are called “regional”, its post-war origins can be observed in the decision of creating groups called “Eastern Europe” and “Western Europe and Other States”. Although Europe is a geographical region, “Eastern” and “Western” Europe are clearly political ones reflecting post-Second World War arrangements. After more than 25 years from the dissolution of the political split in Europe, electoral system still is not reformed accordingly.

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), established in 1958, Addis Ababa,

Only Benin is one of the members of ECOWAS organisations.

During the fifth meeting in 2003, it was decided to hold these meetings annually, and they should be prepared beforehand. Six working groups were established, each led by a UN agency: peacekeeping, civilian protection, respect for human rights in counter-terrorism, dialogue of civilizations, disarmament, and the reform of the partnerships between the UN and regional and other organizations.