BALKANLAR

After several years of conferences and multilateral negotiations, the Pact of Balkan Entente was signed on February 9, 1934.

It can be argued that thanks to both agreements, it was tried to secure the borders for the upcoming World War II.

The Saadabad Pact, a few years after the Pact of Balkan Entente, was signed by Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan in 1937.

With the Pact of Balkan Entente, it can be argued that the first achievement of Turkish foreign policy was the Straits question. Turkey’s demands on straits, was responded positively by the Balkan countries of Bulgaria (not a member of the pact), Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania and in 1936 the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits signed and came into force.

During the Cold War, three states in the region predominated in Turkey’s Balkan policy: Bulgaria, Greece and Yugoslavia

Turkey chose to act cautiously in foreign policy towards the Balkans in the early 1990s. Thee dissolution of Yugoslavia was not the only development related to the period, military intervention of the USA in Iraq (The Gulf War) and after the dissolution of the USSR and the establishment of new states in Central Asia and the Caucasus also affected its foreign policy. Rapprochement between Greece and Syria was also effective.

While Slovenia and Croatia were seeking to gain their independence and become Central European states, Serbia and Montenegro defended the idea of a federation, but Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia wanted to the continuation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, hesitating from the Serbian sovereignty.

South East European Cooperation Process (SEECP) that brings together Turkey, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Greece, Croatia, Moldova and Montenegro is a symbol of the common will of the countries of the region to improve cooperation among themselves and to bring lasting stability in South East Europe.

The country with the highest import was Romania. In 2019, approximately 140,000 cars of USA origin were produced in Romania, and approximately 350,000 vehicles were produced from the automobile brand that was originally from Romania and acquired by a French brand (Romania-Insider, 2020). Because especially the French automobile brand, it is one of the most in-demand options in Turkey.

Turkey is also a member of the customs union that includes Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Slovenia and Greece.

The Ottoman Empire, were effective at this point. The Serbian uprisings that started in the early 1800s and the uprisings that broke out in the Peloponnese in the following years were the first signals of the Ottoman loss of the Balkan geography. p.208

The answer is B.

While Ottomanism was defended against independence movements in the Balkans, then the idea of Islamism was defended against possible independence movements in the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. p.208

The answer is islamism.

During the Cold War, in the international system that was separated into two as East and West, Turkey, with its general
stance, was next to the Western bloc. Undoubtedly, the Truman Doctrine dated 1947, the Marshall Plan
(the European Recovery Program) and the USSR had an impact on this choice. The risks and threats posed
by the USSR were both due to their demand for bases in the Straits and their settlement in Central Europe
and the Balkans (Armaoğlu, 2020, 153). Also in 1944 and 1945 Turkey - USSR period was defined as the
most problematic in terms of relationships, it was expressed that previously signed by the USSR the Treaty
of Friendship and Neutrality (Non-Aggression) Pact was abolished (Turan, 2005, 75). p. 215

D şıkkı direkt olarak Batı bloğunu seçmede etkili olmamıştır.

... the most important reason for Turkey to take place next to the Western bloc in the Korean War was the USSR threat... p. 216

With the collapse of socialist regimes in 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the Warsaw Treaty Organization was dissolved, and
the bipolar world order was replaced by a new unipolar order (Bağbaşlıoğlu, 2018, 7). In this new unipolar period, new power centers also
started to arise, the tendency to regionalization has increased, while micro-nationalism became a risk factor for international security, the inadequacy of the capacity of organizations such as the UN to ensure peace and security was realized (Sarınay, 2000, 875).p.220

C is false statement and correct answer.

In spite of this, the effect of USSR’s dissolution was observed especially in its domestic policies and political discourses. The dissolution of Yugoslavia was not the only development related to the period, military intervention of the USA in Iraq (The Gulf War) and after the dissolution of the USSR and the establishment of new states in Central Asia...

during the Cold War Yugoslavia’s balancing policy for Greece and Bulgaria in the region, Turkey did not take any attempt, regarding the dissolution of Yugoslavia.

"Maximizing the problems with neighboring countries" is not correct "minimazing the problems..." are  correct.

In the bilateral relations with Greece in the 2000s, more than one issue was determinant as in previous periods. One of them is the Western Thrace Turks issue.

NATo memberhip is not soft power policy isntruments.

The Aegean Sea has been the source of the main problems of the two countries. p.231 under the title of Problems with Greece.