BALKANLAR

After the Russo-Turkish war, Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania became independent states. Bulgaria became a Principality under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Bosnia-Herzegovina was only legally bound to the Empire but occupied and ruled by Austria-Hungary.

Many organizations were established to operate in the Kosovo province, which was called “Former Serbia” and Macedonia. In 1911, these organizations were united under a single organization under the name of “Unification or Death” also known as “Black Hand”. Although the goal of this organization was designated to reduce the influence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the region through intelligence activities against these powers, its ultimate goal was to unite all Serbs under a single nation administration.

Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire on October 8, 1912, Bulgaria and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on October 17, 1912, and Greece on October 19, 1912.

The following led to the Balkan Wars:

The fact that Bulgaria gained the most significant portion of land from the First Balkan War,

The fact that Serbs caused problems during the partitioning of Albania and Macedonia,

The withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans and the formation of a multi-directional power vacuum in the region,

The fact that despite not participating in the war, Romania demanded that Silistra and South Dobruja between the Danube River and Balchik Harbor be left to it,

The fact that the Tsardom of Russia channeled Serbia and Romania to form an alliance against Bulgaria through France.

The Treaty of Istanbul was signed on November 10, 1913.

Since the Ottoman Empire lost all its lands in Europe except Eastern Thrace, it became the absolute loser of the war.

Greece was the Balkan state that entered the war the latest.

The Ottoman Empire, which controlled the region for nearly 500 years, ceased to be the dominant political actor; instead, the increasing influence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire on the region at the beginning of the century attracted the attention. Correct answer is A.

The Greek navy, while keeping the Dardanelles Strait’s exit under control in order to block the Ottoman fleet from dispatching ships to the Aegean and Adriatic coasts, on the other hand, was in an effort to prevent the Turks from reinforcing their troops in Europe. Correct answer is B.

Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire on October 8, 1912 and it was the first country in the Balkans. Correct answer is A.

With the Treaty of London signed at the end of the conference:

All Ottoman lands to the west of “the Midye-Enez line” were left to the Balkan states. While Edirne and Kırklareli were given to Bulgaria, the Sofia administration expanded to the south and seized Turkish cities such as Kardzhali and Komotini and reached the Aegean Sea. Correct answer is A.

The first Turkish Republic in history was founded in Western Thrace before the region was left to the Bulgarians. Correct answer is C.

At the end of Second Balkan War, Thessaloniki and Crete were given to Greece. Correct answer is A.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, and started the First World War. Correct answer is B.

Signing a secret alliance with Germany on August 2, 1914, the Ottoman State declared war on the Entente States on November 11, 1914, after two German warships (Goeben and Breslau) bombed the Black Sea coast of the Tsardom of Russia. After the Ottoman Empire went to the war, the corridor among Triple Entente ended. Correct answer is E.

Metaxas established a police regime in the country, whose fascistic tendencies were apparent. Metaxas, who started practices similar to Mussolini in Italy, did not only dissolve the parliament; he closed political parties and trade unions and banned strikes for workers. Correct answer is C.

It should be noted that with the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty signed after the WWII, Greece took Dodecanese (islands) from Italy and added it to its territory. Correct answer is E.