BALKANLAR - Deneme Sınavı - 5

The Croatian Democratic Union, founded by Franjo Tudjman in 1989, achieved success in the multi-party elections held in 1990, and the liquidation of Serbs from their positions at the state level started.

In Macedonia, according to the data of 1991, 64.6% of the population was Macedonians, 21% were Albanians, and the remaining part consisted of Turks, Roma, Serbs and other ethnic groups.

There were two main reasons behind the US intervention in the Kosovo Crisis through NATO. The first was to allow NATO to directly intervene in such matters by exposing the ineffectiveness of the UN as in the Bosnian Crisis. Second, the
issue of building a state after military intervention came to the fore for the first time after the Kosovo Crisis.

The Balkan policy of the EU after the Cold War and especially with the dissolution of the SFRY, was primarily related to the intervention of the crises that emerged within the dissolution process and then to the restructuring of the newly independent countries

In 1995, with a temporary agreement between Greece and Macedonia, Macedonia agreed to change its flag and make some changes to its constitution.

Although there is no significant difference between the Cold War period and the post-Cold War period when Turkey’s policies towards the Balkan countries were examined, it has been known that Turkey showed a relatively more active attitude

All options are true according to references (Veremis, 2015: 125; Gecaj, 2018: 4) given on page 148 except the correct answer. Veremis (2015: 125) claims that “Threats originating from within states replaced the threat that could come from ideological or military blocs during the Cold War”. So ideological or military blocs were causing threats in Cold War Era, but not in Post-Cold War Era. (1  Analyse the Bosnia-Serbia War)

The correct answer does not reflect what happened in the reality. The UN, US and EC decded to use non-violent methods to resolve the conflict in the beginning. So, “… the international community, especially the EU and the USA, did not take effective and deterrent measures against Serbs, and the attacks against the Bosniaks by Serbian militia forces under the supervision of UN peacekeepers in Srebrenica, which was declared a safe zone by the UN, reached the level of genocide (Dalar, 2008: 97).” as it is given on page 149. . (1  Analyse the Bosnia-Serbia War, 3 Interpret the strategies of global and regional powers such as the US, RF, UN, EU, and Turkey in the Bosnia and Kosovo crisis)

The definition in the question is given for Vance-Owen Plan on page 150. (1  Analyse the Bosnia-Serbia War, 3 Interpret the strategies of global and regional powers such as the US, RF, UN, EU, and Turkey in the Bosnia and Kosovo crisis)

All the options are false according to the “The Safe Zones Plan” on page 150-151, except the correct option. Safe zone were declared against Serbian paramilitary groups who are attacking Bosnian Muslim civilians. After Srebrenica, Sarajevo, Zepa, Tuzla, Gorazde and Bihac were also declared as safe zones. Although the International Court of Justice decided that Serbia committee crime of genocide, this decision was interpreted differently by the UN Security Council and the attacks against Bosnian Muslims were defined as “ethnic cleansing”, not “genocide”. (1  Analyse the Bosnia-Serbia War, 3 Interpret the strategies of global and regional powers such as the US, RF, UN, EU, and Turkey in the Bosnia and Kosovo crisis)

As stated on page 151, “the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall consist of three Members: one Bosniak and one Croat, each directly elected from the territory of the Federation, and one Serb directly elected from the territory of the Republika Srpska”. (1  Analyse the Bosnia-Serbia War, 3 Interpret the strategies of global and regional powers such as the US, RF, UN, EU, and Turkey in the Bosnia and Kosovo crisis)

The correct option is clearly declared in the section “Discussions on Intervention” on page 155. There were no evidence on use of excessive force. The intervention is based on aircraft operations. The duration of the operation did not cause any controversy regarding to its legitimacy. The UNMIK presence and capability of UÇK were not discussed regarding to the legitimacy of NATO operation. (2 Evalaute the Kosova Intervention)

As stated on page 162, “Turkey…” “…argued that accepting separatist demands would increase the conflict trends emphasizing once again that the status quo should be maintained within the framework of Yugoslavia’s territorial integrity. All the other statements are valid as given in the section “Global and Regional Actors in the Bosnia and Kosovo Wars” between page 157 to 162.

The last option is completely irrelevant and the Russian Federation did not have a large influence in the Balkans during the Post-Cold War Era, until Vladimir Putin was elected as president and made several changes in Russia Fedaration’s Balkans policy.

The only correct match is Slobodan Milosevic, who was the Serbian leader.  Cyrus Vance was US Foreign Minister and David Owen was European Community Representative (p. 150) who established the Vance-Owen plan. Alija Izetbegovic was the leader of Bosnian Muslims (p. 150 and 152). Ibrahim Rugova was the Kosovar politician, leader of LDK and the passive resistance movement in Kosova (not Bosnia). Slobodan Milosevic is the Serbian leader. Although this information is missing in the book, Milosevic was later judged at the Hague for his crimes against humanity in Kosovo and Bosnia but died before the trial could be concluded. For this reason, it is tought that some special emphasis should be given to his name and his actions.

With the collapse of socialist regimes in 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the Warsaw Treaty Organization was dissolved, and
the bipolar world order was replaced by a new unipolar order (Bağbaşlıoğlu, 2018, 7). In this new unipolar period, new power centers also
started to arise, the tendency to regionalization has increased, while micro-nationalism became a risk factor for international security, the inadequacy of the capacity of organizations such as the UN to ensure peace and security was realized (Sarınay, 2000, 875).p.220

C is false statement and correct answer.

In spite of this, the effect of USSR’s dissolution was observed especially in its domestic policies and political discourses. The dissolution of Yugoslavia was not the only development related to the period, military intervention of the USA in Iraq (The Gulf War) and after the dissolution of the USSR and the establishment of new states in Central Asia...

during the Cold War Yugoslavia’s balancing policy for Greece and Bulgaria in the region, Turkey did not take any attempt, regarding the dissolution of Yugoslavia.

"Maximizing the problems with neighboring countries" is not correct "minimazing the problems..." are  correct.

In the bilateral relations with Greece in the 2000s, more than one issue was determinant as in previous periods. One of them is the Western Thrace Turks issue.

NATo memberhip is not soft power policy isntruments.