ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ

When writing a structured abstract, consider the following sub-headings:

Problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical gap is your research topic filling?

Purpose: What is the overall purpose of the study?

Method: The basic design of the study. What did you actually do to get your findings/ results?

Results/Findings: Major findings found as a result of your analysis. What did you learn/ invent/create?

Conclusion/Implications: What is your concluding remark? What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in the research?

How a sample opening paragraph is structured is given below;

For a study about child development, parenting and culture

Parenting style is a well established influence on child development (Bornstein, 2003). - A statement of the general topic.

Research indicates that different parenting styles are generally predictive of academic and emotional adaptation in children (Steinberg, Elmen & Mounts, 1989). - A general statement about what the literature has found.

However, some research has suggested that the influence of parenting style may vary across cultures and by immigration status (Frankel & Roer-Bornstein, 1982). - A statement about what the literature is missing or where there is an unanswered question.

The aim of the current study was to examine how parenting style among first-generation immigrants from the African diaspora influenced child development. - The aim of the study.

The study examined parenting style and child outcomes within a community of Somalian immigrants in the Northeastern United States.- A general statement of the study approach.

Coherence. The sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development. ... It is the unity and coherence of ideas represented in a sentence or among sentences that constitutes to a good paragraph.

Paraphrasing: To state something written or spoken in different words, esp. in a shorter and simpler form to make the meaning clearer (Cambridge Dictionary).

The verb indicates that the source is providing evidence or reasons for a position:

Argues

Asserts

Contends

Demonstrates

Holds

Illustrates

Indicates

Insists

Maintains

Proposes

Shows

Supports

Below are the steps that are important when synthetizing:

It is possible to synthesize multiple articles in one paragraph,

You note the shared issue across the articles that you want to call attention to,

Note any important differences that are relevant to your study,

And describe each article briefly in ways relevant to your study.

Transitions and their intended use when writing paragraphs

You are beginning a paragraph that continues the argument of the previous paragraph or makes a similar point - Likewise, in addition, similarly, furthermore, also, moreover

You are beginning a paragraph that contradicts or qualifies the previous paragraph - Although, yet, but, on the one hand... on the other hand, however

You want to show cause and effect - Because/Since [idea from previous paragraph], [idea for new paragraph]. Example: “Because the administration cut funding, the program’s effectiveness is diminished.”

Similarity - Also, in the same way, just as ... so too, likewise, similarly

Exception/Contrast - But, however, in spite of, on the one hand ... on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet

Time - After, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now, recently

Cause and effect - Accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus

You want to show additional support or evidence - Additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then

You want to give examples - For example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate

You want to emphasis - Even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly

You want to conclude/Summaries - Finally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, to sum up, in summary

According to Lammers and Badia (2004) researchers use two major sampling techniques: probability sampling and nonprobability sampling. With probability sampling, a researcher can specify the probability of an element’s (participant’s) being included in the sample. A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. With nonprobability sampling, there is no way of estimating the probability of an element’s being included in a sample. Any sampling method where some elements of population have no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as ‘out of coverage’/’undercovered’), or where the probability of selection can’t be accurately determined If the researcher’s interest is in generalizing the findings derived from the sample to the general population, then probability sampling is far more useful and precise. Unfortunately, it is also much more difficult and expensive than nonprobability sampling.

Phenomenology: The goal of phenomenological research is to describe participants’ experiences in a specific context and understand a phenomenon. For example, what is it like to be homeless in İstanbul or in Ankara?

T Tests: There was a significant effect for gender, t(54) = 5.43, p < .001, with men receiving higher scores than women

The answer is A.

The answer is C.

The answer is E.

The answer is B.

The answer is C.

The answer is E.

The answer is E.

The answer is D.

The answer is B.

The answer is C.