ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ

Deontology is an ethical perspective that judges researchers’ actions according to some absolute/universal duties requiring certain types of action. The correct answer is D.

Research misconduct does not include honest error or honest difference of opinion. Therefore B is the incorrect answer.

The Zimbardo Prison Experiment in 1971 was originally designed for a two-week time period, but ran only for six days. The reason for the early termination of the experiment was because the guards had begun to systematically abuse the prisoners through ridicule, verbal abuse, and other forms of severe treatment. The study was criticized for not informing participants about the risk of psychological stress, physical discomfort, and/or humiliation to which they were ultimately exposed.

Utilitarianism is an ethical perspective that judges actions of researchers according to which they produce most happiness and/or utility for the participants. The correct answer is C.

A,B,C and D are the four principles of principle-based ethics. However, scientific validity stands to look at whether the proposed research is methodologically rigorous and it is one of the seven requirements Emanuel, Wendler and Christine (2000, pp. 2703- 2707) proposed as a coherent framework for making research ethical. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

In the course of research, participants' autonomy should be respected, their privacy should be protected and harm resulting from research should be minimized. It is not ok to utilize them as much as possible. The correct answer is D.

The phenomenon of “research ethics” was mostly resulted from the revelations regarding the appalling medical experiments conducted by some Nazi doctors in German concentration camps during the World War II. For example, they “killed Gypsy twin teenagers in order to determine why some of them had differently colored eyes. Prisoners of war were forced to drink seawater in order to find out how long a man might survive without fresh water”. The correct answer is A.

Virtue ethics refers to a researcher’s possession of certain traits/virtues as part of his/her character/personality such as being kind, generous, courageous, just, and prudent, etc. That is, it is an ethical perspective that treats the character of researchers as the primary focus of ethical evaluation. The correct answer is E.

Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. The correct answer is C.

Reciprocity stands for the idea that the research should be of mutual benefit to researcher and participants or that some form of collaboration or active participation should be involved.

Research experiments conducted in the 20th century raised important ethical questions about informed consent, deception, manipulation, invasion of privacy, or some forms of harm to participants. Respect to privacy is a positive quality of a research experiment. The correct answer is D.

Value stands for being analyzed whether the proposed research has the potential to improve knowledge and/or understanding. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Many countries around the world (but mostly western countries- such as the USA, the UK, Canada, and Australia) have established some forms of Research Ethics Committees (RECs) and/or Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review research proposals in terms of their ethical acceptability for protecting the rights of research participants. The correct answer is B.

A is one of the etchics that consequentialist/utilitarian perspective represents and it does not belong to the principles of Framework for Research Ethics. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Confidentiality refers to the obligation of the researcher not to reveal information about a research participant without his/her permission. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Research relations are about the questions of access, power, harm, deception, secrecy, confidentiality, and/or issues related to overt/covert research, etc.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Virtue ethics is an ethical perspective that treats the character of researchers as the primary focus of ethical evaluation. The correct answer is A.

Scholars have listed different kinds of ethical principles to abide by in scientific research. None of them would say, however, that researchers should fabricate research output. The correct answer is D.

Anonymity and confidentiality are the two strategies used to maintain/protect privacy. For example, there are several ways to secure the anonymity of personal information (i.e., research data). “The most obvious one is to replace actual names with invented ones [i.e., pseudonyms]. Another is to refer to people solely by the roles that they play: doctor, nurse, patient, relative, and so on. Alternatively, first names without second names, or just initials, may be used; or numbers or letters of the alphabet: Informant 1, Informant 2; Doctor A, Doctor B, etc. The correct answer is E.

Self-reflexivity is a representation of the researcher’s voice (i.e., the influence of the researcher’s values and assumptions on the process of inquiry). The correct answer is C.