ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ

Ethnography is a design rooted in social research tradition, and it analyzes the routines regulating daily lives of individuals that form a social group from those individuals’ point of views.

Phenomenology is a qualitative research design focusing on perceptions and meanings that individuals develop based on their experiences

Grounded theory is a design mostly employed to develop a theory that would explain processes, actions, and interactions among people

Scientific research is the process of systematic and planned data collection, data analysis, assessment and interpretation, and reporting in order to figure out reliable and valid solutions to problems by limiting them (Erkuş, 2011). It can be either quantitative or qualitative.

Quantitative research is based on positivist paradigm, which advocates that reality will surface precisely through logic and experiment.

If a variable can only assume certain values or options, and if it can be expressed through only whole numbers, then it is a discrete variable. For example, gender variable can assume either male or female option.

Dependent variable is the one whose change is observed in comparison to other variables, and it is generally symbolized with the letter “Y” (Erkuş, 2011).

Survey serves to determine general tendency, attitude, or opinions of a population quantitatively or in numerical values by working on a sample chosen from that population.

A is case study, B is grounded theory, C is narrative inquiry, E is ethnography.

Quantitative research makes generalizations.

he research process is built in a mixed research
method. These designs include The Convergent
Design, The Explanatory Sequential Design, The
Exploratory Sequential Design, The Intervention
Design, The Social Justice Design, and The Multistage
Evaluation Design (Creswell, 2015).

The Convergent Design aims to integrate the results obtained
from both qualitative and quantitative data analyses.
Researchers adopting this design collect both
qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously.

In the Intervention Design, quantitative
aspect outweighs the qualitative one.
Experimental procedure is applied during the
quantitative phase. Qualitative data, on the
other hand, is used to enhance and assess the
research process.

A scientific research process involves 1) problem identification, 2) data collection, 3) data analysis, 4) interpretation, and 5) report writing. All these stages are relevant parts of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method research efforts.

Such a stance with respect to the nature of reality led to the birth of a research design to produce knowledge that is measurable, replicable, generalizable, intact, and value-free judgements. Unlike qualitative and mixed methods, quantitative studies entail a strict planning process that researchers have to abide step by step right from the beginning.

Hypotheses are of two major types: statistical and research hypotheses. Statistical hypothesis (H0- neutral hypothesis, null hypothesis, absence hypothesis) denotes that there is either no relation or difference between the variables. Research hypothesis, on the contrary, (H1- difference hypothesis, alternative hypothesis) is the expression of the relation that a researcher hopes to confirm after relevant data collection and analysis (Altunışık, Coşkun,
Bayraktaroğlu, and Yıldırım, 2005).

Dependent variable is the one whose change is observed in comparison to other variables, and it is generally symbolized with the letter “Y” (Erkuş, 2011). Pretend that our research problem focuses on the influence that international organizations have over the level of globalization. In this case, the level of globalization is the dependent variable since its change is examined in comparison to other variables. Independent variable, on the other hand, is the one that has some kind of effect over the dependent variable, and it is mostly symbolized with the letter “X”.

It is possible to deduce that a scientific research process involves 1) problem identification, 2) data collection, 3) data analysis, 4) interpretation, and 5) report writing. All these stages are relevant parts of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method research efforts. The correct answer is B.

If a variable can only assume certain values or options, and if it can be expressed through only whole numbers, then it is a discrete variable. For example, gender variable can assume either male or female option. Continuous variables, on the contrary, are those that can take any value between their bottom and top limits, that is to say, they can be expressed in fractions. For instance, the value that variable of weight can assume ranges from zero to infinity. The correct answer is C.

Face-to-face experiment is not of the types of experimental research design. The correct answer is E.