ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ

Case study is another qualitative research design that can be used to obtain in-depth information about a current issue or to verify and explain effectiveness of a theory across various contexts.

There are some principles that can guide researchers in analyzing research data, reporting findings, and interpreting. These principles are 1) coding the data, 2) forming the themes, 3) arranging and identifying the data in accordance with codes and themes, and 4) reporting the findings

How symbol signals can be utilized is as follows:

A scientific research process involves 1) problem identification, 2) data collection, 3) data analysis, 4) interpretation, and 5) report writing.

Dependent variable is the one whose change is observed in comparison to other variables, and it is generally symbolized with the letter “Y”.

A hypothesis is the conversion of a research problem into a tangible form that can be examined and tested. Thus, a well-developed hypothesis should clearly point out the dependent and independent variables, their levels, the research model, and whether the relation or difference will be studied in that research.

There are two primary research designs often utilized for quantitative research studies, which are survey and experimental designs.

Primary experimental designs are:

The Classic Randomized Experimental Design

Post-test Design

Repeated-Measurement Design

Multiple-Group Design

Randomized Field Experiments

Quasi-Experiments

Intervention Analysis

When it is possible to reach every single unit of a population, there is no need for sampling. Yet, sampling has to be precisely completed if all the units of a population is not within the reach of a researcher. Sample is a representative piece of the population whose features are examined.

Researchers need a standardization to interpret quantitative research data, which is labelled as significance level. A significance level (or alpha level) is a probability level that reflects the maximum risk you are willing to take that any observed differences are due to chance. It is typically set at .01 or .05. This means that an extremely low probability value will actually be observed 1 out of 100 times (or 5 out of 100 times) if the null hypothesis is true. During the planning stage, a quantitative researcher should ascertain which level of significance (.01 or .05) will be the standard for her/his research.

Ethnography design would be the right choice if the research aim is to explore the principles that regulate daily routines such as language, religion, tradition, power relations, and sovereignty of a specific cultural group.

During data coding, the researcher divides the data into meaningful groups after thorough examination and tries to figure out what each division means conceptually. Divisions forming a meaningful unit are named-coded by the researcher.

Different designs are employed to explain how the research process is built in a mixed research method. These designs include The Convergent Design, The Explanatory Sequential Design, The Exploratory Sequential Design, The Intervention Design, The Social Justice Design, and The Multistage Evaluation Design.

Scientific research is a process of systematic data collection and analysis to figure out a solution to a problem.

Quantitative research is based on positivist paradigm, which advocates that reality will surface precisely through logic and experiment

A hypothesis is either an educated guess about the result of a problem or a temporary solution to a problem.

Survey is a quantitative research design aiming to determine individuals’ attitudes, behaviors, or opinions as they are without any outside interference.

In this design, a researcher should foresee the formation of two groups: one (or more) is the experimental group consisting of participants given an experimental intervention, and the other is the control group composed of participants who are not either given any experimental manipulation or provided with any test stimuli. The researcher should assign the participants in each group randomly. Subjects cannot decide which group they are going to be in. This random assignment of participants to any of the groups is known as randomization, and placement in any group is a matter of chance. Subsequently, the researcher administers the experimental intervention. In other words, s/he provides the experimental group with relevant stimuli by determining the time, setting, and situation on her/his own. Using this design, the researcher establishes a dependent variable that can be measured both before and after the independent variable is introduced. These are termed as pre-test and post-test measurements, and they indicate if the experimental process has any effect or not. This gauges the effect that the independent variable has over the dependent variable, namely the main focus of that experimental research.

Action research is a cyclical and spiral process that is conducive to development and change, that encompasses individuals’ own practice, that entails systematic data collection, that enables reflective questioning, and as a result of these, that provides opportunities to plan and apply new action.

Case study is another qualitative research design that can be used to obtain in-depth information about a current issue or to verify and explain effectiveness of a theory across various contexts.